Habitus in the Modern World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Habitus in the Modern World - Essay Example "The struggle of social distinction, whatever its symbolic form, is for Bourdieu a fundamental dimension of all social life. The larger issue, then, is one of power relations among individuals, groups and institutions (particularly the educational system). Indeed, for Bourdieu power is not a separate domain of study but stands at the heart of all social life" (6). To discover how power is regulated and dispersed throughout the sociological systems of human existence, Bourdieu strove throughout his life to discover the 'master' science that would unlock the codes of human behaviors regardless of culture or society. While sociological theories are often dedicated most stringently to the various hierarchies and power balances as they are found within the group structures, Bourdieu took his ideas further to explore how the various individuals within the group were typically provided their status and power, concentrating most especially upon how they learned the rules of the game when no rules, written or otherwise, are to be found. Within his work, Bourdieu struggled always to find a sort of 'master' science that would explain the various detailed elements of ever... y of the laws whereby structures tend to reproduce themselves by producing agents invested with the system of dispositions which is able to engender practices adapted to these structures and thus contribute to their production" (Bourdieu, 1973 cited in 7). This definition being about as convoluted as a pig's tail, what Bourdieu is essentially indicating is the process of regeneration of social institutions through imperfect repetition. A very simple, and perhaps not fully accurate, analogy to this process would be in the social system of an audience. As a collective group, the audience tends to encourage behaviors such as being silent, remaining attentive to what's happening on stage and clapping at the appropriate moments. This would be the first structure. This structure produces agents, the audience members, who are already predisposed to behave as an audience when the situation demands. As these individuals go into 'audience' mode in a given situation, they encourage others to be have in similar ways, thus contributing to their [the audience structure] production. While this establishes some of the mechanisms in place at the group level, it doesn't go far to explain the interrelationship between the group and the individual. For Bourdieu, the key question centered on discovering how individuals became members of groups, gaining their individual elements of power and status within that group, without any form of written or even informal rules. This was the key element of his research as he developed his conceptions of habitus, field and agency. By understanding the interrelated nature of Bourdieu's ideas concerning habitus, field and agency, it is possible to understand how his theories might be applied to current sociological concerns such as contemporary

McClellands Learned Needs Theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

McClellands Learned Needs Theory - Assignment Example The individuals, who are achievement based, avoid both high and low risks and avoid norms for the fear of rejection at their workplace (Daft & Lane, 2008). Besides the need for the achievement, other people have a need for affiliation. This kind of people prefers to create and maintain social relationships and enjoys being a part of a particular group. They adhere to the norms in that culture, and they do not change them for the fear of rejection in their workplace. In addition, they prefer collaboration to competition and dislike high uncertainties and risks situations. This group of people works best in social areas like client interaction services and customer service. The other group of people has a need for power. In this class of person, they work to their best when they are in charge. They do well in competition hence doing well in goal orient (Daft & Lane, 2008). Employees are the most valuable resources in a company and therefore motivation is essential. Every bright idea, act of selfishness’ for the betterment of the organization, plan on money saving should be rewarded through online point system. An employee motivation increases their morale and reduces the turnover rates. To enhance employees’ motivation the management should break the monotonous of duty to reduce boredom and assign employees to challenging jobs. Secondly, in applying Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, managers do have a responsibility they meet the deficiency needs of the workers. Proper working environment should be created to develop full potential. In addition, the theory of needs requires workers to be assured of job security that lumps employees

Reflective Practice in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective Practice in Nursing - Essay Example It will make use of Schon’s reflection model. Schon’s theory outlines two different types of reflection that occur at different time phases: reflection on action (Schon 1983) and reflection in action (Schon 1983). ‘Reflection in action’ is often referred to the colloquial phrase as ‘thinking on your feet’ a term used to being able to assess ourselves within a situation, making appropriate changes and still keeping a steady flow in the process. Reflection on action is when reflection occurs after the event. This is where the practitioner makes a deliberate and conscious attempt to act and reflect upon a situation and how it should be handled in the future (Loughran 1996). Nursing practitioners deal with various kinds of people every day, hence they should develop effective communication skills. Timmins (2011) contends that nursing competencies should include knowledge of building â€Å"therapeutic partnerships with their patients and colleagues through safe, effective and non-discriminatory communication, taking account of individual differences, capabilities and needs† (p. 31). This means that they should be resourceful enough in conveying their messages through verbal, non-verbal and written forms to be understood and also also understand people’s needs better. Being adept in active listening and empathic skills as well as reading and expressing non-verbal communication promote the safety and well-being of patients and is most likely to achieve the best outcomes.

Mainly Othello(Shakespeare) with comparison from Medea(Euripides)- Essay

Mainly Othello(Shakespeare) with comparison from Medea(Euripides)- Drama as Literature class - Essay Example speare in his play as we watch Lago and Roderigo complaining to Brabanzio that his daughter has been not only been stolen but also married to Othello. It is through his efforts that Brabanzio finally discovers that truly his daughter has been married to Othello, an act that is totally against his wishes for his daughter. Once more, Shakespeare is displaying how far characters in the play are attempting to go far in mixing issues of love with heroism in their respective lives. Brabanzio further gets officers to find Othello and bring him to his attention. Brabanzio is putting his efforts to using his fame and recognition in the society so as to report Othello to the Senate in connection with his missing daughter. It is for the very first time that the play allows the viewer to have love being handled single handedly without any connection to fame and heroism. The senate is not at all interested in judging the matter from the heroic point of view of Brabanzio but offers Othello some sympathy by allowing him a chance to clarify himself. It is at this point that Othello is given a very fair chance to explain himself before the Senate. It becomes very clear before everyone that Othello did not steal away Desdemona using witchcraft as the father has reported but used his heroic stories in the military to woo her into marriage. Desdemona also enters the room at this particular point and confirms that her loyalty is now totally to her husband and not her father. The Senate is surely convinced about this point of view that is being expressed by Othello (Shakespeare 11). It is although brought towards the attention of the viewer that Othello too used his military heroism to capture the love of Desdemona. At this point, it is for the very first time that love and heroism are being mixed and the product being a successful one. Othello has succeeded in pursuing his love by the use of the heroism that he has gotten from his military operations. Just as it was the case with

Analyse the economic objectives of the United States government and Essay

Analyse the economic objectives of the United States government and the effectiveness of its macroeconoic policies over the las three years - Essay Example Stagflation was once witnessed in the economic turmoil of the 1970s due to which economic imbalance was experienced. However despite the economic consequences of policies, we explore in this paper to what extent macroeconomic policies have remained successful or unsuccessful over the last three years in the light of economic objectives to cover unemployment, inflation, expenditure and balance of economic growth. Unemployment is the foremost macroeconomic indicator that within any economy irrespective of per capita GDP is responsible for deriving income from labor market earnings. With falling living standards and rising unemployment, the macroeconomic policies have failed to lower down the rate of unemployment as the rate of unemployment in 2007 was 6 million which in 2008 has risen to 9 million and is still keep on increasing during this economic recession. Avila & Usabiaga (2007) points out that macroeconomic policies have permanent or long-lasting effects on the unemployment rates of various US states (Avila & Usabiaga, 2007). However the impact of such policies and their persistence to our economy indicates that a high degree rise in unemployment is due to the restrictive demand policies that have become permanent component of the economy, thus leading to a higher natural rate of unemployment. This way the macroeconomic results have suggested that the prevailing tendency of U.S. state unemployment rates to fall from the high level was only witnessed after the first oil shock which also gives an indication that labor market reforms and stabilization policies have been implemented in the right direction (ibid). Policies regarding public finance claims that only the most central, national government can successfully manage US economys macro-economic swings and the resulting unemployment of labour and economic resources. The macroeconomics in this case does not held itself responsible for the inability to

Yum brand expatriate management in Beijing, China Essay

Yum brand expatriate management in Beijing, China - Essay Example mpanies has indicated a significant increase among multi-national businesses ranging from manufacturing companies to food and hotel industries (rphrm.curtin.edu.au). The use of expatriates as a means of ensuring that businesses succeed in international markets has been associated with various benefits. Yum brand is an American Fast Food Company, with over 40,000 restaurants distributed in various parts of the World. Yum brand has implemented various operational strategies geared towards facilitating its success in the current highly competitive fast food industry. One of the operational strategies that has been applied by the company to facilitate its success in foreign markets i.e. China is the application of expatriates, who are sent to manage its branches in foreign markets. This discussion will focus on ways that may be used by the company to increase expatriate effectiveness i.e. how the company may select, prepare and train its employees for an expatriate assignment. Additionally, the discussion will focus on describing how the company may ensure appropriate repatriation of its employees i.e. safe return of the expatriates to the company in the United States. The discussion will also highlight and explicate characteristics of the Host Country, which is China, placing a particular emphasis on why Yum Brands sent its expatriates to the Chinese Market. The effective performance of an expatriate in any foreign country begins by the selection process. In the case of Yum Brand, the selection of a employees to undertake expatriate missions in China should be based on selection characteristics that consider; technical competencies of employees, family situation i.e. considering whether one is married or not, personality traits i.e. inter-personal skills or an employee’s interest in performing expatriate missions and environmental variables i.e. cultural dimensions of the host nation as well as the needs of a qualified expatriate (rphrm.curtin.edu.au). After

Creativity and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Creativity and Innovation - Essay Example ..6 6. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Introduction As a marketing advisor by profession, I have been contacted by Talent Management Team from Virgin Company Limited to advise them on how to develop and encourage creativity and innovative behavior in their company. Virgin Company is a service offering company and is mostly concerned with giving managerial services to other local companies that may need specialized services. The company has been in operation for a period of fifteen years and it has grown tremendously over the years. Virgin Company Limited has gained a substantial share in the market and is focusing on developing new markets in other parts of the world as part of its long term investment plans. Though the company is mostly concerned with offering its services in its local area, California, where it is based, it sometimes goes national or even international depending on the client’s needs. Virgin Company needs to understand what innovation really means and to what benefit would it be to them if they adopted such strategy. This report intends to address this concern and advise the talent management team on the strategies they can take to promote and maintain innovations that come up in their organization. Key word: Innovation which is the process through which a business idea is transformed into a good or service for the mutual good of the company and the customers. Issues to consider when creating Innovation When creating innovation, many factors need to be taken into consideration. It should be understood that any innovation that one need to up with must be economical in that it contributes positively towards the growth of the company. It must also be customer oriented and as such it must focus on the customer well being and satisfaction. When the customers are satisfied, greater financial returns are likely to be realized (Rouse, 1992). For the management to be able to know how to really create innovation, they must be aware of what are it they really need, for whom it will be developed and by whom and the circumstances under which the product will be created (pg 72). First, people are an important ingredient in the creation of innovation. Any innovation starts with creativity behavior and naturally, it is people who possess this element. People are talented in different ways and it is possible that some people will exhibit more creative behavior than others. One of the ways of identifying creative characters in a person is to focus on his skills, capability and general characteristics. This is the reason why when the companies want to hire new employees, they focus more on their academic qualifications and any past experience that they have had in related industry as the one they are considering for the job vacancy. This though, in my own view sho uld not be the basis through which the management should focus their innovation creation agenda. Many people in the world today are innovative not in accordance with their academic level but from the style that they show creative behavior in what they do. It should be considered that level of qualification can be improved through continued training and education but style is what is naturally occurring in people. Different people have different styles of doing things and when these styles are accompanied by the necessary support, they are likely to bring out innovations that may lead to great