A Dream with Deceit Essay -- American Argumentative Persuasive Essays

A Dream with Deceit In a world of uncertainty and disappointment, many pot welcome the promise of mirth by any definition. In response to this, society offers the American Dream, a guarantee of winner through hard work and perseverance, as a racecourse to contentment. Corporate America cunningly markets the American Dream to the public, and as a result the allure of wealth and status dictates the lives of many Americans. The elite and large corporations advisedly feed the idea of an American Dream to the general public because they depend on its widespread acceptance to maintain their undisputed power. The media has become a in good order tool for corporations to spread the ideals of the American Dream throughout the population. Television and newspapers, two specific channels of the media, have a vast influence over the people that the American Dream targets. The power that the media has over the general population is strong, influencing societys ideals and view of t he American Dream through methods equivalent to brainwashing. Society continues to up let a erosive American Dream, giving people a false perception of success and ignoring the reality of limited opportunity that exists today. Society has imposed the American Dream on individuals for as long as the United States has been in existence. People are manipulated into believing that hard work and perseverance will lead to their ultimate success in life. The government, the media, and corporations alike create and exploit the American Dream as a system of mass control. Greed propels the dream by adding to the power it hold over individuals. Society is told that everyone should be striving for success, which is defined a... ...bert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 305-310.Dalton, Harlon L. Horatio Alger. Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 311-317.Fallows, James. The Invisible Po or. Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 356-369.Money and Success The myth of Individual Opportunity. Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston Bedford / St. Martins, 2001.295-297.Mantsios, Gregory. Myths and Realities. Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 318-333.Terkel, Studs. Stephen Cruz. Rereading America. Eds. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle, Boston Bedford / St. Martins, 2001. 335-339.

The Pearl Essays -- Literary Analysis, John Steinbeck

In history there are a variety of tragic events that influence everything that surrounds them, such as World state of war II. World War II changed societies, recast intellectual assumption, altered racial and gender relations, and more. (Lee 5) Because of World War II, it helped the author John Steinbeck into writing the overbold The Pearl. In the novel the important setting of the story took place in Mexico, as well as the Gulf of California. This setting was chosen by the author because Indians of Mexico had been under the domination of deal of Spanish decent (Barrons14). In the story you can see the different styles of living compared to rich and poor. Kino and his family didnt have much money and were completed at the bottom of the social class. Kino lived where across the brush fence were other brush houses, and the smoke came from them too, and the sound of breakfast (Steinbeck 2). On the other relegate the upper class live a different lifestyle compared to Kino. Where th e doctor lived he had money and was located where the brush houses stopped and the city of stone and affix began, the city of harsh outer walls and inner cool gardens (Steinbeck 5). The reader can clearly see the two different styles of living in the novel. In the novel the characters are divided into different social classes depending on how much money they have.Steinbeck created characters that fit the setting. In order for Steinbeck to figure out what kind of characters he treasured in his story he was an observer of human nature (Barrons 1). The majority of Steinbecks characters were down and out, isolated and oppressed (Barrons 1). The author cherished to show the struggle between the rich and the poor. By keeping this theme Steinbeck created the charac... ...any money. I, I alone in the world supposed to work for nothing (Steinbeck 7). This shows the doctors edacity for money. All the doctor cares about is if his patients have the money to pay for his work, otherwise he d oesnt have any sympathy for anybody especially Kinos range. The doctor grew up as a race which for nearly a hundred years had beaten and starved and robbed and despised Kinos race (Steinbeck 6). Cleary the doctor is similar to the Americans and how they treat other ethnicities because of their differences. Kino was treated the same way the Mexicans were. They both were judge for who they were and their own beliefs. Clearly there was a semblance to what happened in World War II and The Pearl, Kino and the Mexicans were mistreated throughout and had to face the hardships in life struggling to survive with their families.

Essays --

Enviro Geo 1 CP Take Home Final Exam unit of measurement One Review Biodiversity A. What is biodiversity? Biodiversity is the variety of life and totally natural processes frame on Earth. B. Why is global biodiversity decreasing? The main cause of the decrease in global biodiversity is the result of human activity. This means habitat destruction, hunting, invasive species, pollution, and clime change that threaten the extinction of species. C. How can we protect and preserve biodiversity? One focus we can preserve and protect biodiversity is through the law. Right now, legal actions be being made to save species from extinction. For example, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) forbids the government and private citizens from harming listed endanger and threatened species or their habitats. Also Species Survival Plans (SSP) are made to manage, protect, and reintroduce threatened and endangered species by putting them into captivity until safe to be released. D. H ow do zipper and nutrients move through ecosystems?a. (reference food webs/food chains/energy pyramids) Energy and nutrients move throughout the ecosystem through the consumption of other creatures. This transfers energy to the near consumer, however it transfers smaller and smaller amounts of energy as the chain of consumers grows larger. E. THE queen-sized QUESTION Why is it important to protect biodiversity? Biodiversity increases an ecosystems productivity meaning all species play huge roles in it, especially humans since they have the office to completely change nature. Humans heavily depend on plants and animals and benefit direct from diverse ecosystems plants, clean water, oxygen, food, and fertile work all come from goodly bio... ...ding then transforming into Industrial agriculture with the advancements of technology. B. How can we assert enough food for a rapidly growing commonwealth while sustaining our ability to produce it? Our conception today faces the caper of running out of space. We need not only land to live on, but also land to cultivate crops. Already forty percent of Earths land is used for farming purposes, and with a population over seven billion and still rapidly growing, the main problem is, There isnt enough room. So the price of food is raising. Right now, wiz billion people are suffering from hunger, they cant open up the food that is taking up living space, so if we cut down more than forests and destroy nature, will the prices go down? The best way to produce enough food for our population as of now is to use our resources more efficiently and reduce our wastes of food. Essays -- Enviro Geo 1 CP Take Home Final ExamUnit One Review Biodiversity A. What is biodiversity? Biodiversity is the variety of life and all natural processes found on Earth. B. Why is global biodiversity decreasing? The main cause of the decrease in global biodiversity is the result of human activity. This means habitat destruction, hunting, invasive species, pollution, and climate change that threaten the extinction of species. C. How can we protect and preserve biodiversity? One way we can preserve and protect biodiversity is through the law. Right now, legal actions are being made to save species from extinction. For example, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) forbids the government and private citizens from harming listed endangered and threatened species or their habitats. Also Species Survival Plans (SSP) are made to manage, protect, and reintroduce threatened and endangered species by putting them into captivity until safe to be released. D. How do energy and nutrients move through ecosystems?a. (reference food webs/food chains/energy pyramids) Energy and nutrients move throughout the ecosystem through the consumption of other creatures. This transfers energy to the next consumer, however it transfers smaller and smaller amounts of energy as the chain of co nsumers grows larger. E. THE BIG QUESTION Why is it important to protect biodiversity? Biodiversity increases an ecosystems productivity meaning all species play huge roles in it, especially humans since they have the ability to completely change nature. Humans heavily depend on plants and animals and benefit directly from diverse ecosystems plants, clean water, oxygen, food, and fertile land all come from healthy bio... ...ding then transforming into Industrial agriculture with the advancements of technology. B. How can we produce enough food for a rapidly growing population while sustaining our ability to produce it? Our world today faces the problem of running out of space. We need not only land to live on, but also land to cultivate crops. Already forty percent of Earths land is used for farming purposes, and with a population over seven billion and still rapidly growing, the main problem is, There isnt enough room. So the price of food is raising. Right now, one b illion people are suffering from hunger, they cant afford the food that is taking up living space, so if we cut down more forests and destroy nature, will the prices go down? The best way to produce enough food for our population as of now is to use our resources more efficiently and reduce our wastes of food.

Grow Little Cell Grow! Investigating Neurogenesis Essay -- Biology Ess

Grow Little Cell Grow Investigating NeurogenesisNeurogenesis, the production of new font cells, has been a revolutionary finding as nerve formation has always been thought to end with adulthood. It has not been until recently that such(prenominal) dogma has been contradicted as research findings report that neurogenesis continues in the genus Hippocampus throughout around of the adult life of mammals and primates (1). Recent correlations have been further made between neurogenesis and depression as the latter depletes neuron cells in the brain piece of music antidepressive drugs have demonstrated to increase neuronal growth (2). Neurons be the building blocks of the nervous system as they are responsible for the input, processing and transmission of information. Neurons are derived from stem cells as the latter differentiate into specialized cells and make progenitor cells which are responsible for the formation of neuron and glial cells. Although the majority of neurons are form during the pre-natal and perinatal stage of development, neuron formation continues in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (2). The hippocampus, which lies beneath the cortex is a major factor of learning and stock formation and can indirectly influence emotion. Progenitor cells which are present in the sub ventricular zone of the hippocampus are responsible for such growth as they produce daughter neuron cells through division (2). In the 1960s, Joseph Altman from MIT reported that new neurons were being produced in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of adult rat brains. Although such findings were groundbreaking, they failed to create the stir that Elizabeth Goulds 1998 study caused . The Princeton University neurobiologist demonstrated that the marmoset b... ...is is a complex issue with an array of possibilities for the future. Further investigations will have to resolving power some of the questions and issued raised. Sources(1)The Scientist Magazine , Human neurogenesis . Group demonstrates that adult human brains grow new cells after all. http//www.the-scientist.com/(2)American Scientist Magazine, Depression and the Birth and Death of mavin Cells. http//www.sigmaxi.org/amsci/articles/00articles/Jacobs.html(3)National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association, Antidepressants and Brain Cell Growth. http//ndma.com/web05/web9152.htm(4) Neuroscience for Kids, New Neurons in Neocortex? New Study Says NO http//faculty.washington.edu/chudler/newneu.html(5)National Institute of Mental Health, Learning From Songbirds About Adult Brain Generation. (6) The Scientist Magazine. http//www.the-scientist.com/

Problems with Affirmative Action Essay -- Reverse Discrimination

approbatory ActionFor many years, citizenry have presumed that Affirmative Action has played and cover ups to play a vital and important role in the lives of most minorities . However, some people have raised questions about the effectiveness of Affirmative Action. Since its conception, it has been believed that in some instances, Affirmative Action has been more harmful then helpful. One may ask the question, is Affirmative Action really worth fighting for? Some may argue, that if it had non been for Affirmative Action, the minority unemployment rate would be much higher. Like any political platform, Affirmative Action has its flaws. One major downside occurs when employers over look ones credentials and hires people solely on the color of their skin. It can not be denied however, that Affirmative Action has aided in the struggle to bring about the social inclusion body of minorities in the work place and schools. When society begins to misuse the Affirmative Action programs and begins using it as a form of reverse discrimination, then it becomes hard for sates to continue implementing it . These programs where not intended to take job opportunities away from qualified white applicants. If anything, Affirmative Action was meant to be administered by way of the least intrusive means. This program was created to allow minorities to have the same chance to excel in the workforce that the average Caucasian has. I have to admit, I am a fast supporter of Affirmative Action and equ...

Problems with Affirmative Action Essay -- Reverse Discrimination

Affirmative activityFor many years, people have presumed that Affirmative Action has played and continues to play a vital and important use in the lives of most minorities . However, some people have raised questions about the effectiveness of Affirmative Action. Since its conception, it has been believed that in some instances, Affirmative Action has been more baneful then helpful. One may ask the question, is Affirmative Action really worth fighting for? Some may argue, that if it had not been for Affirmative Action, the minority unemployment roam would be much higher. Like any program, Affirmative Action has its flaws. One major downside occurs when employers over look ones credentials and hires people solely on the discolor of their skin. It can not be denied however, that Affirmative Action has aided in the struggle to bring about the social inclusion of minorities in the work arrange and schools. When society begins to misuse the Affirmative Action programs and begins us ing it as a form of reverse discrimination, then it becomes hard for sates to continue implementing it . These programs where not intended to run job opportunities away from qualified white applicants. If anything, Affirmative Action was meant to be administered by way of the least intrusive means. This program was created to allow minorities to have the equivalent chance to excel in the workforce that the average Caucasian has. I have to admit, I am a strong supporter of Affirmative Action and equ...

Reaction Paper on Vampires Essay

Vampire movies always have lots of fans, and of course, Im a vampire film fan, too. In the past, vampires looked so scary they were darkened, extremely ugly, hunch forwards nothing but killing Nowadays, however, people start to make vampires more human(and sometimes they are made even soften than human beings) They are so good-looking they have breath-taking faces, they have sexy figures they are immortalthey wont die because they are too old, in other words, they are undead.They still looked young even feeling they are hundreds years old they have so many superpowers they read minds, they ply as fast as wind, they are unbelievably strong. Now people even made vampires know more than just hunting like animals they know romance as well, they will fall in savour with like human do I think this force be one of the reasons why people love vampire movies that much because we find that our dreams (which can never come true in real life) come true in these movies. abrogate Psycholog y is often used on children, through which parents let their children to do something by telling them dont do this. This is because children are more believably to respond orders with reactance. In the movie let the right one in, when Eli and Oskar first gear met, Eli told Oskar I cant be your coveroff booster. But obviously, Oskar didnt have a clear desire to make friends with Eli. Eli started stating a negative in order to achieve her positive goal. And this is the use of reverse psychology.Based on the film notes, Elis intentions regard the function of Oskar is a replacement of Hakan. But even after reading the film notes, I still feel that Elis ultimate goal with Oskar is not just for finding someone to kill people and get blood for her. For me, Eli is just trying to have a friend who can keep her company. Its easy to tell that Elis attitude towards Oskar is totally different from that to Hakan, she cares about Oskar (at least for me it is). At the beginning I thought Hakan is the father of Eli, but later on I found hes more likely to be someone who helps Eli finding food.He might used to be Elis lover, but thats just a guess, because there might be other reasons why he chose to take care of Eli. For example, he might be the one who cause Elis changing into a vampire, he feel guilty so that he chose to hold up with her. According to the notes, at first Eli tried to sense Oskar as a potential serial killer, then she took control of Oskars self-imageAssume that Eli is a pedophile, she might keep Oskar, a young boy with her and replace Hakan, whos no longer useful to her.In this film, the uncanny ability is shown to audiences over and over again, and it presents that love is just an excuse, which is used to disguise the subliminal reality of objectification and exploitation. By looking at the way Oskar dresses and behavior, we can tell that Oskar is an effeminate personality in this movie. I think thats why the boys enjoy making fun of him. I thought th at the reason why Oskar didnt ever fight back is because he is so cowardice that hes afraid that they might hit him harder if he fights back.But the note assumes that Oskar is actually sublimating his unconscious sexual attraction by allowing himself to be victimized. I think that because the group of bad boys always attacked Oskar and he couldnt get any help from someone else, so he was mentally ill already. He had a strong desire of revenging but he didnt have the courage to do so. He wants to kill people if it is allowed. skillful because he knows that he cannot do it, he transferred his inner desire of killing to collecting the newspaper clippings on murder. I think his too cowardice.When I first watched this movie and saw Eli asked Oskar to teach her how to play the Rubriks cube, I didnt think too much about this. But after reading the notes, it shows me that Rubriks cube might be one of the tools Eli use to achieve her subterfuge (which is to get close to Oskar). I think beca use Eli is a vampire who cannot live without potable humans blood, so its better for her to live in a lower class apartment so that she wont go out peoples attention, otherwise she will get into trouble so easily. In a telling scene, we saw Elis naked groin with a horizontal suture, which means Eli was a boy but castrated by someone.

Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement

Essay What is Mr Golspies contribution in the novel Angel Pavement? When we come to see Twigg & Dersingham company in the Angel paving material for the first time it presenta sorry spectacle. The first chapter contains a detailed description of a street and the employees at Twigg & Dersingham. We learn that the career of the master(prenominal)(prenominal) characters such as Mr. Smith, Turgis or Miss Matfield is rather dull. The story is set against the background of the Great Depression. Their work at the office is quite monotonous the crocked is on the edge of bankruptcy, thus there are practically no clients and no work for the staff.The salary is extremely low and there is no entrust for changing the event for the better. Moreover at their leisure the employees at Twigg & Dersingham dont have a lot of good time either. Someone like young Turgis, who has no family, in fact no carriage at all outside Twigg Dersingham, merely has neither ability nor desire to goto some rath er pricey places of entertainment, others like Mr. Smith with his lower-middle-class family, completely dependent upon him, considers his job, the very center of his being and is too much concerned with savings and providing for the family. But with Mr.Golspies arrival striking changes take place. First of all a mysterious Mr. Golspie assures the future of their veneer-and-inlay company through imports from the Baltic. A man without a past, weaves in and out of all of the characters lives, vigorously reordering for himself a chaotic world, offering but eventually withholding from the others a promise of riches and enchantment. Mr. Golspie represents a charismatic man who is able to ensure the destinies of lesser mortals. He has the capacity to evoke excitement in a humdrum world through his confidence, his shrewdness, and the force of his personality.He brings new colours and emotions in the lives of his employees. He not only enhances their well-fare, but also makes them perceiv e the life around them from a new viewpoint. Thus Miss Matfield due to Mr. Golspies courting begins to enjoy life at full swing. She realizes that she is an attractive fair sex, the charr men can strive for. Even her Burpenfield Club no longer seems to be so intolerable. Turgis is also at a lower place a smashing influence of Mr. Golspie, to be more precise chthonic the influence of Mr. Golspies daughter, Lena. Turgis is head over ears in love with her, for im she is the prettiest girl in the world. For this wild-eyed period his life acquires new sense. Nevertheless very soon these magical transformations come to an end. Lena having amused herself with Turgis switches to another boy and has no longer interest in her former relations. Such a cruel step nearly let to a suicide. Mr. Golspie leaves the company even in a more disastrous occurrence than it had been. Having achieved his profit Mr. Golspie without any regrets get rid of the place, leaving his employees and a partner quite vulnerable.He doesnt come to the arranged meeting with Miss Matfield, a woman towards whom he seemed to have had tender feelings, and even leaves her no note that he departs for South Amerika. Thus we may conclude that though on the surface of it Mr. Golspies character in the novel can be evaluated as rather positive, I personally believe that his arrival has caused a lot of pain and destruction. But belt up if the characters are strong enough to survive such a hard period, they are sure to learn a lesson from Mr. GolspieMr Golspies Role in the brisk Angel PavementEssay What is Mr Golspies role in the novel Angel Pavement? When we come to see Twigg & Dersingham company in the Angel paving material for the first time it presenta sorry spectacle. The first chapter contains a detailed description of a street and the employees at Twigg & Dersingham. We learn that the life of the main characters such as Mr. Smith, Turgis or Miss Matfield is rather dull. The story is set against the background of the Great Depression. Their work at the office is quite monotonous the loyal is on the edge of bankruptcy, thus there are practically no clients and no work for the staff.The salary is extremely low and there is no entrust for changing the situation for the better. Moreover at their leisure the employees at Twigg & Dersingham dont have a lot of good time either. Someone like young Turgis, who has no family, in fact no life at all outside Twigg Dersingham, merely has neither ability nor desire to goto some rather high-ticket(prenominal) places of entertainment, others like Mr. Smith with his lower-middle-class family, completely dependent upon him, considers his job, the very center of his being and is too much concerned with savings and providing for the family. But with Mr.Golspies arrival great changes take place. First of all a mysterious Mr. Golspie assures the future of their veneer-and-inlay company through imports from the Baltic. A man without a past, weaves in and out of all of the characters lives, vigorously reordering for himself a chaotic world, offering but eventually withholding from the others a promise of riches and enchantment. Mr. Golspie represents a charismatic man who is able to authorisation the destinies of lesser mortals. He has the capacity to evoke excitement in a humdrum world through his confidence, his shrewdness, and the force of his personality.He brings new colours and emotions in the lives of his employees. He not only enhances their well-fare, but also makes them perceive the life around them from a new viewpoint. Thus Miss Matfield due to Mr. Golspies courting begins to enjoy life at full swing. She realizes that she is an attractive woman, the woman men can strive for. Even her Burpenfield Club no longer seems to be so intolerable. Turgis is also under a great influence of Mr. Golspie, to be more precise under the influence of Mr. Golspies daughter, Lena. Turgis is head over ears in love with her, fo r im she is the prettiest girl in the world. For this amative period his life acquires new sense. Nevertheless very soon these magical transformations come to an end. Lena having amused herself with Turgis switches to another boy and has no longer interest in her former relations. Such a cruel step nearly let to a suicide. Mr. Golspie leaves the company even in a more disastrous situation than it had been. Having achieved his profit Mr. Golspie without any regrets get rid of the place, leaving his employees and a partner quite vulnerable.He doesnt come to the arranged meeting with Miss Matfield, a woman towards whom he seemed to have had tender feelings, and even leaves her no note that he departs for South Amerika. Thus we may conclude that though on the surface of it Mr. Golspies role in the novel can be evaluated as rather positive, I personally believe that his arrival has caused a lot of pain and destruction. But unruffled if the characters are strong enough to survive such a hard period, they are sure to learn a lesson from Mr. Golspie

Criminal Theories Essay

An in-depth knowledge of theories is not required at this level, rather deduction of knowledge of two of the biological, sociological and psychological explanations for sorry deportment and how factors such asnegative family influences, escape of education, poverty and unemployment may impact on the demeanor of the offender and how societys views of criminal doings lose changed over time.I confirm that the engage that I am submitting is entirely my own, and I have not copied from any other student or source, unless referenced.P3 Describe two theories of criminal behaviour and the factors that contri onlye to themWhen looking at evil, it is essential that we look the definitions of crime and the theories that explain why crime happens and how this affects both individuals and communities. The study of crime is commonly known as Criminology. Criminology originated from many other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, biology, geography, fair play and anthropology. It is gener every last(predicate)y accepted that there ar three main categories that ar ingestiond to explain why crime happens.To dive deeper into the theories surrounding criminal behaviour we give the bounceanalyse the three main and biggest theories behind a Criminal and their Behaviour A) psychological models B) sociological models and C) biological models. All infer different methods of go for and actions. Its actually difficult to separate the three categories completely as it is generally accepted that all three theories contribute large factors that play a role in the expression of behaviour. more thanover, psychological science consists of several disciplines including biological psychology and societal psychology, so psychological conventions could be applied across all three domains. However, there argon some general principles associated with each of the above three paradigms that would be associated with some specific crime examine policies. This gives in profe ssedly narrow definition for each of the categories but it does simplify the discussion herein.Psychological ApproachesThere a many different psychological models of criminal behaviour ranging from archeozoic Freudian notions to later cognitive and social psychological models. I cannot review them all. Instead, there are several fundamental assumptions of psychological theories of criminality (and human behaviour in general) that follow. These are1. The individual is the primary unit of analysis in psychological theories.2. Personality is the major motivational and influencial element that drives behaviour and their actions within individuals.3. north is generally defined by social consensus.4. Crimes then would result from abnormal, dysfunctional, or illicit mental processes within the personality of the individual.5. Criminal behaviour may be purposeful for the individual insofar as it addresses certain felt needs.6. Defective, or abnormal, mental processes may have a variety of ca put ons, i.e., a diseased mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, the emulation of inappropriate role models, and adjustment to inner conflicts. Given these six principles to establish psychological explanations of criminal behaviour we can suggest first that traditional handcuffs, fines, and other romance sanctions are establish on operant learning models of behaviour for crime learn. Operant learning models are establish onthe utilitarian concepts that all people wish to maximize pleasure and minimize pain or discomfort. Skinnerian based social psychological theories of reinforcement and penalisation are influential in this model of criminal maintain although the idea of punishment for crime has a much longer fib (Jeffery, 1990). Technically speaking, punishments are any sanctions designed to decrease a specific behaviour olibanum, fines, jail sentences, etc. are all forms of punishment.However, Skinner himself recognized that punishment was generally ineffective in behaviour modification and that reinforcement worked better (e.g., Skinner, 1966). Actually, a caveat should be applied here. Punishment is effective if applied properly, but unfortunately it rarely is applied properly. Punishment needs to be immediate (or as close to the time the offence occurred as possible), inescapable, and sufficiently unpleasant (in fact the more it is subjectively perceived as harsh the better). Given the judicial system in the U.S. it would be hard to apply punishment to its maximal effectiveness, thus it is not an effective deterrent as seen in the stable homicide rates of states that carry the death penalty. Nonetheless, punishments and sanctions for criminal behaviour are based on behavioural psychological principles.Because harsh forms of punishment do not appear to significantly decrease recidivism rates, other psychological principles have been applied. In terms of cognitive behavioral psychological principles, rehabilitation and relea rning, retraining, or educational programs for offenders are forms of psychologically based methods to keep in line crime. These methods are based on the cognitive behavioural methods of teaching an secondary functional response in place of a formally dysfunctional one as opposed to simple punishment. These programs can take place in prisons or outside of the prison and have long been demonstrated to be successful (e.g., Mathias, 1995). So any form of retraining, re-education, or re-entry program is based on psychological principles of criminality and reform. Rehabilitation programs are often rarely implemented in jail or prison however.Many of these programs appear to be oddly beneficial for drug and alcohol offenders. Likewise, any form education such as the DARE program and recent efforts to curb bullying in schools are based on these methods. In line with this, changing the environment of the offender such as providing more opportunities would be a psychological behavioural p rinciple designed to cutcrime. In line with other psychological methods are policies aimed at maintaining a visible presence of law enforcement and methods to maintain self-awareness of people in tempting situations. Such methods are preventative. For instance, it has been a well-known social psychological principle that situations that diminish self-consciousness and self-awareness lead individuals to being less restrained, less self-regulated, and more likely to act without considering the consequences of their actions (e.g., Diener, 1979).The simple act of placing mirrors in stores can increase self-awareness and decrease shop-lifting. Likewise, the presence of visible law-enforcement can cut down on advantageously crime. Making sanctions and the consequences for crime well-publicized and available to the public is another psychological method to control crime in this vein. Various forms of criminal profiling are based heavily on psychological principles and represent an effort to either apprehend existing criminals or to identify persons at risk for certain behaviour (Holmes & Holmes, 2008). More recently there have been efforts to develop methods to identify individuals at risk for certain forms of deviant behaviour including criminal activities based on personality and social variables. Sociological ApproachesSociological principles and psychological principles of criminality are intertwined and technically not independent. As with psychological theories there are numerous sociological formulations of the cause and control of criminality. For purposes of this paper we will define sociological notions of criminality as 1. Attempting to connect the issues of the individuals criminality with the broader social structures and cultural values of public, social, familial, or coadjutor group. 2. How the contradictions of all of these interacting groups contribute to criminality. 3. The ways these structures ,cultures and contradictions have historically devel oped and evolved. 4. The current processes of change that these groups are undergoing. 5. Criminality is viewed from the point of view of the social make up and construction of criminality and its social causes.Traditional sociological theories proposed that crimes was a result of anomie, a term meaning normlessness or a feeling of a lack of social norms, and feeling departed from a social peer group or departed a lack of being connected tosociety. The term was do popular by mile Durkheim (1897). Durkheim originally utilise the term to explain suicide, but later sociologists used the term to describe the dissociation of the individual from the joint conscience or the criminality resulting from a lack of opportunity to achieve aspirations or by the learning of criminal values and behaviours. Therefore criminality results by the failure to properly socialize individuals and by unequal opportunities between groups. Durkheim believed that crime was an inescapable fact of society and advocated maintaining crime within reasonable boundaries.A vaunt of sociological theories is that society constructs criminality. Thus, certain types of human activity are harmful and are judged so by society as a whole. But it is alike true that there are other behaviors recognized by society as criminal that do not result in harm to others and are therefore criminalized without sufficient ground, these are the so-called victimless crimes. These include drug use, prostitution, etc. Therefore according to this view if carried to its extreme 100% of the members of a society are lawbreakers at some point. One of the sociological insurance insurance policy methods of crime control would be to advocate for decriminalization of these victimless crimes or at least a capacious reduction in their penalties (Schur, 1965). Social programs aimed at socializing children properly and providing support for single family homes are also examples of sociological methods to control crime. There are a number of these programs including career academies (small learning communities in low-income high schools, offering academic and career/technical courses as well as workplace opportunities).Finally, sociological policies to control crime would enable stronger and harsher penalties to be enforced when regarding serious crimes such as murder, round, are more effective law enforcement. Again, sociologists accept the reality that crime is a social phenomenon that will not disappear no matter how many interventions are enacted to control it. Sociologists note that of every 100 crimes committed within the join States, only one is sent to prison. A vast number are unreported and of those that are reported only a small portion goes to outpouring as a result of the victim being too scared to come forward and fear for their social morbidity. If a justice system is to work properly it must be able to rely on its law enforcement system and judicial system to bring to justice and prose cute serious offenders. The purposes ofimprisonment include punishment, rehabilitation, deterrence, and selective confinement. All of these should be utilized where appropriate for the individual (Hester & Eglin, 1992). Biological ApproachesBiological theories of criminality basically purport that criminal behavior is the result of some flaw in the biological makeup of the individual. This physical flaw could be due to (Raine, 2002) (1) Heredity(2) Neurotransmitter dysfunction(3) Brain abnormalities that were caused by either of the above, improper development, or trauma. Biological theorists would also endorse a harder penalty and better law enforcement techniques for crime control, but there are several methods of crime control that are specific to the biological theories of criminality. I will discuss these briefly here. Psychosurgery Brain surgery to control behaviour has rarely been applied to criminal behaviour. for sure much more common between the 1930s to the late 1970s t here were over 40,000 frontal lobotomies performed. Lobotomies were used to treat a wide slog of problems from depression, to schizophrenia.However, while widely discussed as a potential discourse for criminal behaviour a perusal of the literature could not find a court ordered case for a lobotomy as a sentence for a convicted criminal Lobotomies were also used for people who were considered an annoyance because the demonstrated behaviours characterized as moody or they were children who were defiant with authority figures such as teachers. The lobotomy involves separating the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain either surgically or in the case of the transorbital lobotomy with a sharp ice-pick like instrument that was inserted in the eye socket between the upper eyelid and the eye. In this method the patient was not anesthetized, not even children. The psychiatrists hit the end of the instrument with a hammer to disconnect the nerves in the frontal lobe of the brain. Aft erwards behaviours were changed, but at a high price as you can imagine. Today the lobotomy has fallen out of favour due medications used to control behaviour, although some view the use of medications as equivalent to a lobotomy (e.g., see Breggin, 2008).Psychosurgery appears to be an option that will most likely not be put into use due to the stigma associated with it. Chemical methods of control Theuse of pharmacological treatments to try to control crime has been ongoing in two major areas chemical castration for invoke offenders and pharmacological interventions for drug or alcohol addicts. However, addicts can stop the medication and return to use. Sex offenders are closely monitored and there is some evidence that this policy has been efficacious. Sometimes mentally ill people in the criminal justice system been ordered to take medications to treat their mental illness. Other pharmacological interventions to control crime seem plausible and are being investigated, but do not appear to have been widely used.Others Deep brain stimulation is used for some disorders such as Parkinsons disease, but has yet been investigated for criminal behaviour. Biological theorists have advocated changes in diet to deal with criminality (Burton, 2002) and better dealings between parents. There is also the famous patrimonial XYY combination that was once thought to be a marker for a criminal type, but as it turned out these individuals were found to be less intelligent or more likely to have learning difficulties as opposed to being criminal types. While there are many studies indicating a connection between antisocial personality disorder or criminal behavioural and heredity, there are no policies being implemented to advocate for selective breeding, genetic testing etc. for criminals. I do not yet envision a policy of genetic testing for criminals as the variables are not stable enough in order to predict with set of gene combinations are predictive of a biological cr iminal type (Rutter, 2006) although this is certainly a possibility.If the biological model of criminality has any significant effect on policy outside the use of chemical castration for wake up offenders, it would be the policy that certain forms of criminal behaviour or certain individuals may not be rehabilitated and the advocacy for harsher and stricter imprisonments or even executions are viable methods of control in these instances. The issue for the community is how to recognize a significant biological contribution to criminal behaviour since genetic testing is unreliable and there are no other physical markers of criminality. It seems that currently in the absence of very harsh crimes like murder and rape one must be recognized as a repeat offender before we can acknowledge a possible innate course towards criminality.By that time the damage, which is often irreparable, is done. Perhaps the answer lies in stricter probation and parole practices for first-time offenders. H owever,this policy is expensive and tax payers may not support it. The policy mandating convicted sex offenders to be monitored over their lifetime and certain restrictions placed on them is a result of the acknowledgment of a biological predisposition to engage in this crime and therefore traditional forms of treatment or remediation do not appear to be effective. Similar policies might follow with habitual criminal offenders based on the biological theories of criminality.Reference ListAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA, 2002). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). Arlington, VA Author. Breggin, P.A. (2008). Brain disabling treatments in psychopathology Drugs, electroshock, and the psychopharmaceutical complex. (2nd Edition) sweet York Springer University Press. Burton, R. (2002). The Irish institute of nutrition and health. In Diet and criminality. Retrieved June 17, 2011, from http//www.iinh.net/health_and_nutrition_articles/diet_and_criminality.h tm. Diener, E. (1979). Deindividuation, self-awareness, and disinhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(7), 1160-1171. Durkheim, Emile (1897) 1951. Suicide A study in sociology. New York The Free Press. Hester, S. & Eglin, P. (1992). A sociology of crime. London Routledge. Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2008). Profiling violent crimes An investigative tool (Fourth Edition). Thousand Oaks Sage worldations, Inc. Jeffery, R. C. (1990). Criminology An interdisciplinary approach. New Jersey Prentice Hall. Mathias, R. (1995). Correctional treatment helps offenders stay drug and arrest free. NIDA notes, 10 (4). Merton, Robert K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. New York Free Press. Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York Wiley. Raine, A. (2002). The biological basis of crime. In J.Q Wilson & J. Petrsilia (Eds.)CrimePublic policies for crime control. Oakland ICS Press. Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and Behavior Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained. Boston Blackwell. Schur E. (1965) Crime without victims. Englewood Cliffs.Skinner, B. F. (1966). The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science, 153, 1204 1213.

Human Communication Essay

converse has been a part of the human being lifestyle since the early years. Communication is define as the process of transmitting messages and info in an attempt to achieve understanding. The whole process of communication requires various skills much(prenominal) as speaking, listening, analyzing, and evaluating the message. Thus, communication plays a vital role in the society in terms of achieving understanding and harmony among people. Through communication, cooperation and collaboration can be attained (Bergeson).However, conventional forms of relaying messages, such as passing information by word of mouth, place the messages at risk of being altered and even distorted. These conventional means of communication to a fault make it difficult to transmit messages to a large audience and to reach the audience in early(a) parts of the world (Verbal and Nonverbal Communication). Fortunately, due to the technological advancements and the continuous developments in the field of m ass communication, various tools and gadgets were invented and are being continuously invented to bridge such difficulties and further facilitate human communication.However, these technologically advanced communication tools and devices present both advantages and disadvantages to humankind. Hence, this paper aims to present the positive and negative effects of technology to human communication. Technology and Human communications Communication has undergone a drastic transformation since the early times. The conventional method of interpersonal communication has been completely altered, and the inception of new technologies has enabled people to devise other methods or means of communicating with other people.One of the possibilities in communication brought by technology is the wireless or electronic communication through unstable phones and electronic email (e-mail). These inventions have significantly influenced the way people bring as these hi-tech ways of communications con tinuously provide people with options in terms of ways in which they could convey their message (Kauppila). In addition, through these technological advancements, specifically the invention of electronic communication, people can now communicate with others instantaneously regardless of the time and distance that separate them.Electronic communication solves the problems posed by the traditional mailing system such as the delays or the long wait before the mail reaches the recipient, and the risk that the recipient would not get the mail at all. Using the postal system to exchange messages and information takes too long, and there may be alterations or distortions on the content of the message. However, communication via a mobile phone, text messaging, or electronic mail is instantaneous information is delivered to the recipient as soon as it is sent (Kauppila).

Sophronia Lui

Sophronia Lui Hong Kong, 1973 Sophronia Liu came to the United States. Lui earned her bachelors degree in English, and French and masters degree in English from the University of South Dokata. She currently lives in Minneapolis St. Paul, where she is an organizer and educational consultant with the Asian-American community. So Tai Fai This young man was a dirty, profane, and lazy. So Tai-Fai always caused trouble to his peers and to his missionary sisters at his Hong Kong school.He clearly wasnt meant to be educated, and teachers were wasting their conviction and money on him. So why waste time on him? Sophronia Lui watches him every day in horror as his future breaks and falls. So Tai- Fai at age 14 the maximum age for sixth graders. In the sixth grade he failed almost all his tests and his classes. He failed 3 out of 14 subjects including, English, Grammar, Arithmetic, and Chinese Dictation.Horrible kid with a bad bearing, he passed notes in class do inappropriate jesters towar d his sixth grade teacher Sister Marie, and he was put in timeouts for being late. Sophronia Luis classmate So Tai-Fai dare-devilish attitude was always a burden in her class. He shows up late and in a mess, his hair in tangles, dirt on his face, and in a worn out dirty shirt. Sister Marie their sixth grade English teacher always asked him why are you so dirty all the time, doesnt tour mother flat iron your shirt? What about insecticide? So Tai- Fai sometimes joked around and classmates thought it was a joke that he was down insecticide that he got from his dads farm, which took his life during the school year. He died on his way to the hospital, his parents sad and devastated on his side. So Tai-Fai was the oldest son out of three children. His dad was a vegetable farmer, and his mother worked in a local factory. So Tai-Fai helped out with his dad in the vegetable fields with crops in Wong Juk-hang, by the sea. Sadly, So Tai-Fai made it to the sixth grade.

Volumetric Vinegar Analysis

Experiment 9 and 10 vividnesstric/Vinegar Analysis Abstract The last of the try that was conducted was to figure out both the breakwaterar denseness of NaOH and the standard mole ratio of the NaOH solution. In ordinance to move up the concentration of the NaOH solution, volumetricalalal analytic thinking was utilize. In volumetric analysis, a titration mechanism was utilized in order to find the reaction that the al-Qaida result end up having with KHC8H4O4. , also know as KHP. Phenolphthalein, which is the indicator that was utilise in this experiment, assisted in figuring out at exactly what point was there neutralization.The indicator turns the solution into a bright pink color once neutralization has occurred. In experiment 10, the come thousand of NaOH that was make in experiment nine was used in order to find out if the vinegar that was being used in the experiment contained around the same percent hoi polloi of acetic acid that is found in regular vinegar. The experimental value of NaOH that was used was 1. 0425 grams and the meter of NaOH was found to be 0. 089 m/L of NaOH. Towards the conclusion of the experiment, the average percent mass of acetic acid was calculated and found to be 1. 695%.Regular house check out vinegars average percent mass of acetic acid usually ranges to 4-5%. base on the percent mass of acetic acid obtained in the experiment, the vinegar that was used in experiment 10 was clearly not house aim vinegar. The guesswork for this experiment was, if the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then it is house hold vinegar. However, due to the results from the experiments conducted, this hypothesis was rejected. In order to obtain the results that the groups were searching for, titration was used in both experiments to find the answer.The method of titration involves the measurement of KHP and NaOH. Afterwards, the volumetric analysis was used, with the indicator included. The experiment starts by finding the measurements of KHP. The indicator was added later on, and then the titration began with the NaOH solution. It was apparent once the solution was neutralised because the indicator caused the solution to turn bright pink. The experiment also required the utilization of volumetric mass in order to find the percent mass of acetic acid in vinegar.The mass of vinegar is then titrated along with the indicator depot with the sodium hydroxide solution. In order to find the average acetic percent mass of vinegar, the concentration found in NaOH in experiment 9 was utilized together with the known volume of NaOH. Materials Please link to Experiment 9 and 10 on pages 127-136 and 137-142, of research lab Manual for Principles of General chemistry 9th magnetic declination by J. A. Beran. The only deviation that was performed during this experiment was the two to one-third extra drops of the indicator phenolphthalein in order to distinguish a titration point.Results Experiment 9 data Table 1 Measurement rivulet 1 running play 2 Mass of KHC8H4O4. (g) . 509 g . 501 g Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) 28. 3 mL 26. 7 mL Table 1 shows the measurements preserve for experiment 9, volumetric analysis Table 2 Calculations rivulet 1 Trial 2 Moles of KHC8H4O4 (mol) . 000303 . 0002485 Volume of NaOH dish out (L) . 0034 . 0032 submarine sandwich ingress of NaOH (mol/L) . 089 . 089 Table 2 shows the calculations derived from experiment 9, volumetric analysis CalculationsMoles of KHC8H4O4 x 1 mol KHC8H4O4/ wedge Mass KHC8H4O4 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0034 L= . 000303 moles NaOH 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0032 L= 0. 0002485 NaOH Volume of NaOH Dispensed (mL) Buret Reading of NaOH= 28. 3 mL, 26. 7 mL Molar Concentration Concentration of NaOH 2. 45 x 10 -3 mol OH-/. 0275 L NaOH = 0. 089 M/L NaOH Results Experiment 10 Table 3 Measurement Trial 1 Trial 2 Mass of Vinegar (g) 1. 048 g 1. 37 g Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) 3. 4 mL 3. 2 mL Table 3 shows the measurements recorded f or experiment 10, vinegar analysis Table 4 Calculations Trial 1 Trial 2 Volume of NaOH Used (mL)(L) 3. 4(. 0034) 3. 2(. 0032) Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) (given) 0. 089 0. 89 Molar Mass of acetic blistering (g/mol) . 0182 . 0171 Mass of Acetic vinegarish in Vinegar (g) 1. 048 g 1. 037 g Avg. Percent Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (%) 1. 695% Table 4 shows the calculations derived from experiment 10, vinegar analysis. Calculations 1. Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) Given (. M Solution) 2. Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (g) Moles of Acetic Acid (mol) x Molar Mass of Acetic Acid (g/mol) 3. 026 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0182 g 2. 848 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0171 g 3. Avg. Percent Mass of Acid in Vinegar (%) 1. 65%+1. 74%/2= 1. 695% Discussion The experiment began by adding NaOH to the mixture of deionized water and KHP in the beaker. The H+ ion that is found in KHP, reacted to the OH- ions that are found in the NaOH solutio n, even as more than of the NaOH continued to be added into the mixture.When there turned out to be an abundance of NaOH, there were no longer any H+ to be added to KHP. As a solution, the extra OH-ions were found in the NaOH solution was used to build up the indicator activate and make the solution turn pink. It was imperative that the solution be composite the correct way. If it was not mixed the correct way, the results from the experiment ordain be inaccurate. If the reading had proven to be inaccurate because of that mistake, the volume of the NaOH solution mixed with the KHP will eventually get neutralized to a point where the meter in the results would be very off.Two trials were done in this experiment in order to hold in that that mistake never happened and the volume of NaOH was found. Once the solution had ultimately been able to neutralize, the moles of the KHP were found and ended up being equal to the moles of NaOH. This information allowed for the molarity to b e found. The average molarity that was in NaOH had been found in experiment 9, it was . 089 M. Both experiments 9 and 10 seemed to have similar traits because both of them involved titration. The titration was used in order to find the number of moles that was found in the acetic acid of the vinegar solution that was used.The normal amount of acetic acid found in household vinegar is between 4-5%. The experiments helped determine that household vinegar was definitely not the vinegar that was being used since the acetic amount that was found was 1. 695%. expiration The hypothesis was proven in the first experiment because the base of NaOH did end up neutralizing KHPs acids. The indicator turned the solution pink therefore the hypothesis in the first experiment was not rejected. The experiment involving the molarity of NaOH was very close in numbers. The molarity that was given was . 1 M, and the molarity that was found in the experiment was . 89 M. The hypothesis for the second expe riment was If the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then the vinegar that was being used for the experiment was household vinegar. However, since the average percent mass of acetic acid resulted as 1. 695%, which was lower than household vinegar this caused the hypothesis to be rejected. Works Cited Beran, Jo A. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. Hoboken, NJ Wiley, 2011. Print. Tro, Nivaldo J. Principles of Chemistry A molecular Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.Volumetric Vinegar AnalysisExperiment 9 and 10 Volumetric/Vinegar Analysis Abstract The goal of the experiment that was conducted was to figure out both the molar concentration of NaOH and the standard mole ratio of the NaOH solution. In order to find the concentration of the NaOH solution, volumetric analysis was used. In volumetric analysis, a titration mechanism was utilized in order to find the reaction that the base will end up having with KHC8H4O4. , also known as KHP. Phenolphthalein, which is the indicator that was used in this experiment, assisted in figuring out at exactly what point was there neutralization.The indicator turns the solution into a bright pink color once neutralization has occurred. In experiment 10, the average molarity of NaOH that was found in experiment nine was used in order to find out if the vinegar that was being used in the experiment contained around the same percent mass of acetic acid that is found in regular vinegar. The experimental value of NaOH that was used was 1. 0425 grams and the molarity of NaOH was found to be 0. 089 m/L of NaOH. Towards the conclusion of the experiment, the average percent mass of acetic acid was calculated and found to be 1. 695%.Regular house hold vinegars average percent mass of acetic acid usually ranges to 4-5%. Based on the percent mass of acetic acid obtained in the experiment, the vinegar that was used in experiment 10 was clearly not house hold vinegar. The h ypothesis for this experiment was, if the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then it is house hold vinegar. However, due to the results from the experiments conducted, this hypothesis was rejected. In order to obtain the results that the groups were searching for, titration was used in both experiments to find the answer.The method of titration involves the measurement of KHP and NaOH. Afterwards, the volumetric analysis was used, with the indicator included. The experiment starts by finding the measurements of KHP. The indicator was added later on, and then the titration began with the NaOH solution. It was apparent once the solution was neutralized because the indicator caused the solution to turn bright pink. The experiment also required the utilization of volumetric mass in order to find the percent mass of acetic acid in vinegar.The mass of vinegar is then titrated along with the indicator endpoint with the sodium hydroxide solution. In order to find the a verage acetic percent mass of vinegar, the concentration found in NaOH in experiment 9 was utilized together with the known volume of NaOH. Materials Please refer to Experiment 9 and 10 on pages 127-136 and 137-142, of Laboratory Manual for Principles of General chemistry 9th Edition by J. A. Beran. The only deviation that was performed during this experiment was the two to three extra drops of the indicator phenolphthalein in order to distinguish a titration point.Results Experiment 9 Data Table 1 Measurement Trial 1 Trial 2 Mass of KHC8H4O4. (g) . 509 g . 501 g Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) 28. 3 mL 26. 7 mL Table 1 shows the measurements recorded for experiment 9, volumetric analysis Table 2 Calculations Trial 1 Trial 2 Moles of KHC8H4O4 (mol) . 000303 . 0002485 Volume of NaOH Dispensed (L) . 0034 . 0032 Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) . 089 . 089 Table 2 shows the calculations derived from experiment 9, volumetric analysis CalculationsMoles of KHC8H4O4 x 1 mol KHC8H4O4/ Molar Mass KHC8H4O4 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0034 L= . 000303 moles NaOH 0. 089 m/L NaOH x 0. 0032 L= 0. 0002485 NaOH Volume of NaOH Dispensed (mL) Buret Reading of NaOH= 28. 3 mL, 26. 7 mL Molar Concentration Concentration of NaOH 2. 45 x 10 -3 mol OH-/. 0275 L NaOH = 0. 089 M/L NaOH Results Experiment 10 Table 3 Measurement Trial 1 Trial 2 Mass of Vinegar (g) 1. 048 g 1. 37 g Buret Reading of NaOH (mL) 3. 4 mL 3. 2 mL Table 3 shows the measurements recorded for experiment 10, vinegar analysis Table 4 Calculations Trial 1 Trial 2 Volume of NaOH Used (mL)(L) 3. 4(. 0034) 3. 2(. 0032) Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) (given) 0. 089 0. 89 Molar Mass of Acetic Acid (g/mol) . 0182 . 0171 Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (g) 1. 048 g 1. 037 g Avg. Percent Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar (%) 1. 695% Table 4 shows the calculations derived from experiment 10, vinegar analysis. Calculations 1. Molar Concentration of NaOH (mol/L) Given (. M Solution) 2. Mass of Acetic Acid in Vinegar ( g) Moles of Acetic Acid (mol) x Molar Mass of Acetic Acid (g/mol) 3. 026 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0182 g 2. 848 x 10 -4moles of acetic acid x 60. 05 g/mol= . 0171 g 3. Avg. Percent Mass of Acid in Vinegar (%) 1. 65%+1. 74%/2= 1. 695% Discussion The experiment began by adding NaOH to the mixture of deionized water and KHP in the beaker. The H+ ion that is found in KHP, reacted to the OH- ions that are found in the NaOH solution, even as more of the NaOH continued to be added into the mixture.When there turned out to be an abundance of NaOH, there were no longer any H+ to be added to KHP. As a solution, the extra OH-ions were found in the NaOH solution was used to make the indicator activate and make the solution turn pink. It was imperative that the solution be mixed the correct way. If it was not mixed the correct way, the results from the experiment will be inaccurate. If the reading had proven to be inaccurate because of that mistake, the volume of the NaOH so lution mixed with the KHP will eventually get neutralized to a point where the numbers in the results would be very off.Two trials were done in this experiment in order to ensure that that mistake never happened and the volume of NaOH was found. Once the solution had finally been able to neutralize, the moles of the KHP were found and ended up being equal to the moles of NaOH. This information allowed for the molarity to be found. The average molarity that was in NaOH had been found in experiment 9, it was . 089 M. Both experiments 9 and 10 seemed to have similar traits because both of them involved titration. The titration was used in order to find the number of moles that was found in the acetic acid of the vinegar solution that was used.The normal amount of acetic acid found in household vinegar is between 4-5%. The experiments helped determine that household vinegar was definitely not the vinegar that was being used since the acetic amount that was found was 1. 695%. Conclusion The hypothesis was proven in the first experiment because the base of NaOH did end up neutralizing KHPs acids. The indicator turned the solution pink therefore the hypothesis in the first experiment was not rejected. The experiment involving the molarity of NaOH was very close in numbers. The molarity that was given was . 1 M, and the molarity that was found in the experiment was . 89 M. The hypothesis for the second experiment was If the average percent mass of acetic acid ranged between 4-5%, then the vinegar that was being used for the experiment was household vinegar. However, since the average percent mass of acetic acid resulted as 1. 695%, which was lower than household vinegar this caused the hypothesis to be rejected. Works Cited Beran, Jo A. Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. Hoboken, NJ Wiley, 2011. Print. Tro, Nivaldo J. Principles of Chemistry A Molecular Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.

Mainfreight Case Study

Main consignment mathematical teleph wizardr Mighty Oaks from microscopic acorns grow A field analyze of a in the raw Zealand Multinationals Foreign mentionet Entry Strategy Mainfreight Mighty Oaks from little acorns grow. This case study examines the strategies Mainfreight Limited has exploited when launching orthogonal securities industrys. It examines Mainfreights advantagees and failures and investigates whether its market entry strategies played a significant part in these experiences. The Mainfreight Group market themselves as a globular logistics supplier offering managed w arhousing and internationalistic and internal freight forwarding (Mainfreight, 2013).As of 2013 Mainfreight Limited is operating in over 14 countries in four continents. Originally a domestic freight provider, the company now specializes in providing a large variety of function common to world(a) logistics providers such as domestic draw of two full and part loads, international Air s erve, worldwide Sea Container services, Contract W atomic number 18housing and Supply ambit vigilance as well as other service offerings non comm just now associated with global logistics providers including Fashion Services, Canadian Transborder Logistics Services and Entertainment Media Logistics(Linkedin, 2013).Mainfreight generally focuses on target areas they identify they can institute more value to than simple cartage (Massey University, 2009) Mainfreight attribute their success to their unique acculturation, stating on their website that they convey developed a style of doing worry, successful non only in late Zealand, but around the world. Whilst this is a bold statement, Mainfreight has had some great accomplishments. Their success hasnt been an accident and this mighty oak was in one case a little acorn.Since its inception in 1978, Mainfreight has grown significantly and is often cited as one of new-sprung(prenominal)born Zealands most successful companies (Ot ago Business School, n. d. ). Founded by Bruce Plested with $7,200 (Mainfreight, 1996) and a 1969 Bedford truck (Fairfax NZ sensitives, 2008) Mainfreights business quickly expanded. Neil Graham joined Plested in 1979 as Joint Managing handler and opened their first gear Christchurch Branch.Growth go along and Mainfreight in brief developed naked Zealands most extensive domestic freight network (Mainfreight, 2013) by using coastal exaltation to get around draconian laws that undeni suit up to(p) all freight travelling on land a greater distance than 150 kilometres to be move by rail. (Mainfreight, 1996) Mainfreight Fo to a lower place Bruce Plested By the snip land take deregulation occurred in 1985, we were hardened and go done after 8 stratums competing against the system and the colossus exaltation companies.With the playing field closely levelled we were the fittest players, and our company was evolving a deep nicety and a reverie of what we could achieve By th e eon land transport deregulation occurred in 1985, we were hardened and undergo after 8 years competing against the system and the giant transport companies. With the playing field almost levelled we were the fittest players, and our company was evolving a deep culture and a vision of what we could achieveComplementary to the companys special culture Plested believed that some of the companys success could be assigned to its agility and responsiveness to change, stating in Mainfreights 1996 prospectus R even soue exceeded NZD$10 million for the first cartridge clip in 1984 and the first Mainfreight International branches, 50% possess by the Mainfreight Limited in conjunction with their managers opened in Christchurch and Auckland also opened. Mainfreight, 1996) 1989 byword the opening of Mainfreights first Australian branch in Sydney with a view to offering services that would allow customers to treat New Zealand and Australia as one market (New Zealand Management Magazine, 20 07). Mainfreight International Branches also opened in Melbourne and Sydney and revenue first exceeded NZD$50 million. The full take among 1990 and 1996 was typified by geographic blowup by step up Australia and New Zealand.This growing was primarily via two different take via total growth from its lively functionings, and through acquisition of competitors or complementary service providers. Service expansion and differentiation formed the backbone of Mainfreights organic growth platform through the betimes 1990s. Named operations such as Metro Cartage, Wharf Operations and Distribution began to appear alongside the regular Mainfreight and Mainfreight International brands. Revenues continued to grow and the New Zealand domestic and International parts of he business continued to excel. as yet, the same could non be said for Mainfreights Australian operations which did not break even until 1994 (Kennedy, 2000). By having a strong domestic and international carriage in both(prenominal) New Zealand and Australia we have a good chance of demonstrating to a international company that when it comes to this corner of the globe, we are the people to use. We do not have the choice of only macrocosm up to(p) to service New Zealand, the transnational is not interested they attend Australia and New Zealand as one By having a strong domestic and international straw man in both New Zealand and Australia we have a good chance of demonstrating to a multinational company that when it comes to this corner of the globe, we are the people to use. We do not have the choice of only being able to service New Zealand, the multinational is not interested they see Australia and New Zealand as one disrespect these bolshiees Mainfreights commitment to the Australian market was never in doubt.Executive Chairman Bruce Plested described the perception that the rest of the world regard Australia and New Zealand as one market and that multinationals change magnitudel y submit a global freight company to provide all their freighting and warehouse services end-to-end the world (Mainfreight, 2002). Plesteds argument was that by having a presence in both Australia and New Zealand it would demonstrate to large multinationals that Mainfreight were the logistics provider of choice and specialists in this geography.He did not feel he could achieve this operating in New Zealand alone. In order to rectify the companys poor Australian result the business undertook a serial publication of acquisitions through the early to mid 1990s that included Mogal Freight, MSAS and Premier VIP stores. ( think of to Table 1. 1 for more information on Mainfreights acquisitions during the period between 1980 and 1995). TABLE 1. 1 Plested in an question with Graeme Kennedy in March 2000 reflected on the Australian operations struggles We have struggled to break into the usiness with those bigger customers since we moved into Australia with an interstate freight operatio n like to our New Zealand exemplar The business has been concentrated to grow and we havent made the progress in the Australian domestic market we had hoped Youve got to have the sizing of it and network and call Australians to get the complaisance of the bigger companies. Without the size and the volumes, the services you can offer are restricted with a smaller network. They want to see size and network to give them impudence in the operation We have struggled to break into the business with those bigger customers since we moved into Australia with an interstate freight operation similar to our New Zealand sense modalityl The business has been difficult to grow and we havent made the progress in the Australian domestic market we had hoped Youve got to have the size and network and use up Australians to get the respect of the bigger companies. Without the size and the volumes, the services you can offer are restricted with a smaller network. They want to see size and netwo rk to give them confidence in the operationIt was the acquisition in 1994 of Premier VIP Stores that finally gave Mainfreight the critical mass of customers required to finally start devising profit from their Australian operation. With profitability worries butt joint them, operating revenues hitting NZD$100 million per annum and all three divisions of Mainfreight Limiteds business operating profitably, the business listed on the New Zealand stock tack on the 14th June 1996. 35 million shares, roughly 60% of the companys issued capital, was made available by owners Bruce Plested and Neil Graham to the general public at a price between $0. 5 and $1. 10 per share (Mainfreight, 1996) The listing proved to be an immediate success with Mainfreights share price increasing 72% in its first year as a publically listed company. Acquisitions in New Zealand and Australia continued throughout 1997/1998. Mainfreight purchased 75% of LEP Freightways New Zealand and purchased outright LEP Inte rnational Australia, Combined Haulage, Senco Haulage and Trade Air Ocean Ltd all significant players in the Australasian logistics industry. Mainfreights international growth continued, purchasing minority shareholdings in ISS and Associates in Hong Kong (37. % of Bolwick Ltd) and China (50% of Mainfreight Express Ltd) one month after opening its first Mainfreight International branch immaterial of Australasia, also in Hong Kong in family of 1998. This signified the start of Mainfreights push to become a global player in the logistics scene which continued with the purchase of CaroTrans from atomic number 18 Best corp in 1999. Mainfreight bought 49. 5% of the CaroTrans operation with the re chief(prenominal) shareholding taken up by an investor crowd that included CaroTrans CEO Greg Howard. Refer to table 1. 2 to see how Mainfreight Group had structured its investment in other subsidiaries as of 2001.TABLE 1. 2 Mainfreight has built a network of businesses which it owns throug hout New Zealand and Australia and also operates with joint ownerships, a network throughout the linked States, in Hong Kong and Shanghai. Beyond these regions, in europium we work with Ziegler (our married person in CaroTrans) and with agents and alliances in most other countries. Mainfreight has built a network of businesses which it owns throughout New Zealand and Australia and also operates with joint ownerships, a network throughout the United States, in Hong Kong and Shanghai.Beyond these regions, in Europe we work with Ziegler (our partner in CaroTrans) and with agents and alliances in most other countries. In their 2001 Annual Report Mainfreight described the group of businesses they had acquired over the one-time(prenominal) 21 years. The period between 2002 and 2007 saw Mainfreight focus on its existing geographies. In New Zealand growth occurred through the opening of new Mainfreight domestic transport branches as well as through the 79. 6% acquisition of the Owens Gr oup of companies in 2003.The companys Australian operations were also performing with revenues from Australian Domestic and International segments equalling the New Zealand groups sales consummation for the first time. Mainfreight purchased the outstanding 51. 5% of CaroTrans in 2004 and opened additional branches of across the United States and Australia. Mainfreight International opened further Chinese branches in Ningbo, Shenzen and Guangzhou. Table 1. 3 demonstrates Mainfreight Groups financial performance by geographical segment for the year ending thirty-first March 2007. TABLE 1. 3 Mainfreight the States has now traded some 18 months under our ownership. In that time we have determine a number of shortcomings in the business which we are in the put to work of addressing. Results are well below our expectations and are poor at best. Mainfreight Group culture and operating disciplines have been introduced to the ground forces operations, including a stronger branch managem ent focus, the mental hospital of our owner driver model for nibble up and delivery, and a more nasty orgasm to both furbish up and inconsistent cost management. more hard-and-fast approach to both fixed and variable cost management Mainfreight the States has now traded some 18 months under our ownership. In that time we have identified a number of shortcomings in the business which we are in the process of addressing. Results are well below our expectations and are poor at best. Mainfreight Group culture and operating disciplines have been introduced to the USA operations, including a stronger branch management focus, the introduction of our owner driver model for pick up and delivery, and a more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost management. more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost managementMainfreights expansion did not stop on that point. Target Logistics, a public company listed on the American Stock Exchange was acquired in an all-cash dealings valued at approximately USD $53. 7 million (CW Downer & Co, 2007). This represented Mainfreights largest acquisition to date. Chris Coppersmith CEO and President of Target Logistics stayed on with the company and headed up the newly formed Mainfreight USA, just his time in the role was short lived. By the end of 2009, Coppersmith was no longer with the company having been replaced by 14 year Mainfreight Veteran throne Hepworth.Mainfreights 2009 yearbook report shed some light on some of the issues the American operation was facing. During this period Mainfreight purchased the outstanding shares from its Management in Hong Kong and China and disposed of its 75% shareholding in both LEP International New Zealand and Australia for AUD $83 million to minority shareholder Agility Logistics Group (Mainfreight, 2007). However these setbacks did not slow down the Mainfreight Group, the company achieving sales of NZD $1 Billion for the first time in time 2009.Buoyed by consisten t sales growth the company continued with its rapid growing and advanced into Europe. The Wim Bosman group of companies, one of the largest privately? owned, integrated transport and logistics providers in the Netherlands and Belgium with 14 branches across six European countries, with more than 1,000 transport units, more than 275,000m? of warehouse and cross docking facilities and approximately 1,414 team up members (Mainfreight,2011) was purchased outright in 2011 for 110 million Euros. This time moreover Mainfreight installed Mark Newman, one of Mainfreights first graduates as CEO of the European business.Mark having spent 21 years with Mainfreight, Mark was very familiar with the companys culture and drive to succeed. In the companys 2012 Annual Report Newman reflects on his first year in charge of Wim Bosman / Mainfreight Europe. We have now completed one full year of ownership of the Wim Bosman group of companies. During this period we have been able to integrate Mainfreig hts financial disciplines and pose the process of aligning our new team members to Mainfreights culture. Unfortunately, financial performance has not met expectations We have now completed one full year of ownership of the Wim Bosman group of companies.During this period we have been able to integrate Mainfreights financial disciplines and begin the process of aligning our new team members to Mainfreights culture. Unfortunately, financial performance has not met expectations contempt these continued expansion struggles Mainfreight is still being awarded accolades, in 2012 lovely the Best Growth Strategy award at the Deloitte / Management Top200 Awards Ceremony. So, what has Mainfreight learnt from these acquisitions and how has their behaviour changed over time? Refer to the tables 1. 4 and 1. for an update on Mainfreight Groups financial performance by geographical segment and the groups structure as of 31 March 2012, before tell the Questions in Section two. TABLE 1. 4 TABLE 1 . 5 Questions / Discussion 1) Can Mainfreight truly be classified as a global logistics provider? Using Collinson and Rugmans commentary from Pengs 2014 text of a true global multinational enterprise having at least 20% of sales in each of the three regions of the Triad consisting of Asia, Europe and North America but less than 50% in any one we can see that Mainfreight does not quite fit this criteria. Table 1. shows Mainfreight Groups coalesced sales by geographic segment for 2012. Sales in the USA and Europe represented 24% and 23% respectively of the groups NZD$ 1. 8billion constitutional sales. Asia however contributed only 3%. Strictly pastime Rugmans definition this would suggest that Mainfreight is not truly a global logistics provider. If we redefine Rugmans definition to state at least 20% of sales in each of three regions but less than 50% in any one the 54% of sales coming from Australasia would suggest that Mainfreight is still to Australasian centric to be consider ed a true global logistics provider. ) Has Mainfreights mode of entry into foreign markets changed over time? If so how, and why? T here(predicate) have been some consistent themes as well as some changes to Mainfreights market entry strategies since opening their first Mainfreight International Branch in 1984. The consistent themes have seen Mainfreight continuously pursue Equity modes as means of entry. As a service provider Mainfreight has been ineffective to pursue some non-equity modes of entry, as it is not possible to export their services to foreign markets, although Licensing and Franchising agreements could have been pursued in other markets if Mainfreight so desired.The main changes in Mainfreights approach occurred between 2005 and 2007. This was most obvious when Mainfreight acquired 100% of Target Logistics, increased its shareholding to 100% in both its Hong Kong and Chinese operations and divested its 75% shareholding in LEP New Zealand and Australia. This move to w holly owning their subsidiarys represented a significant change in persuasion for Mainfreight, who up until this time entered new markets in Joint Venture, often sharing costs, risks and profits in conjunction with the subsidiarys Senior Management. This previous approach was evident in the 49. % purchase of CaroTrans from Arkansas Best Corp in conjunction with CEO Greg Howard and in the Hong Kong and Chinese operations opened in 1998. Whilst the internalization of CaroTrans into Mainfreights business was seen as a success, the introduction into the stable of fellow American company Target Logistics was anything but. Target CEO Chris Coppersmith stayed on when the business transferred to Mainfreight ownership, however the Target business could not lodge to the cultural and financial expectations expected of it by Mainfreights Board and Coppersmith was soon replaced by veteran Mainfreight Executive John Hepworth.As of 2012, the American division is still struggling, remaining the le ast profitable of all geographic segments in terms of its size as indicated in the table below. NZD 000s NZ Aus USA Asia Europe Revenue 455. 7 529 439 56 419 EBITDA 54. 5 33. 7 19 2. 6 28. 1 ROR 12. 0% 6. 4% 4. 3% 4. 6% 6. 7% Despite Mainfreight continually pushing their culture as the number one reason for their success, it may be that they have overlooked the importance of adapting to certain countries specific norms and values.It surely wasnt a new supposition as Mainfreight had experienced these struggles in the historic, Bruce Plesteds interview with Graeme Kennedy in 2000 touched on the cultural differences of the Australian and New Zealand markets stating Youve got to have the size and network and employ Australians to get the respect of the bigger companies (Kennedy, 2000) The Wim Bosman acquisition which also saw Mainfreight Executive Mark Newman promoted has also struggled financially.Is it a coincidence that Mainfreights joint ventures thrived whilst the wholly owned subsidiaries struggled? The major benefit of joint ventures is the access to partners bashledge, albeit whether it relates to regulative, normative or cognitive institutions. It appears this is something Mainfreight has overlooked in the recent past as it moved toward wholly owning its foreign subsidiaries. 3) Why do you think that Mainfreight has entered the markets it has? Mainfreight has applied some logic to the markets it has chosen to enter.Australia is a logical first point of call for many New Zealand firms sounding to expand overseas due to the common language, regulatory environments and similar, albeit different, cultural norms. From an international organizations point of view, these similarities are compounded. Mainfreights professorship Bruce Plested stated that multinationals often view both New Zealand and Australia as just one market making Australia a logical first stepping stone in Mainfreights overseas expansion. Up until 2010 Mainfreights expansion had focused on extending the New Zealand part of the companys global reach.Statistics New Zealand (2013) states that New Zealand depends heavily on international trade, oddly with oddly with Australia, China, the United States, and Japan and unsurprisingly these are the countries (excluding Japan) that Mainfreight has expanded into. The cultural differences between New Zealand and the Chinese and American markets are much(prenominal) more significant than those between the New Zealand and Australian markets or other traditional trading partners such as Britain.However, the sheer weight of imports and exports flowing into and out of these countries has made them obvious candidates for Mainfreight to expand into as it seeks to expand into markets complementary to the existing business. The purchase of Wim Bosman is interesting in that it is not a purchase that would traditionally be seen as complementary to Mainfreights New Zealand business when compared to markets such as Japan with whom New Zealand has significantly more trade.However, the opening of European markets could be seen as complimentary to Mainfreights US and Chinese operations in particular as these operations continue to grow, evolve and mature. 4) What are some of the risks associated with the approaches to foreign top investment and the markets Mainfreight has chosen to enter? Mainfreight experienced Liability of Foreignness when it first entered the Australian market place. As outlined in my response to Question 1, firms, especially large ones would not give Mainfreight a chance unless they were seen to employ Australians.This was an inherent disadvantage of being a foreign company entering a new market in a greenfield capacity. after Mainfreight expansion addressed some of these risks through the use of Joint Ventures in foreign markets such as China, Hong Kong and in the purchase of CaroTrans in the USA. As Mainfreights market entry strategy changed towards wholly owning their subsidiaries, some of these risks arose again. Mainfreights approach in fully acquiring existing business often helped to minimize these dangers as Mainfreight was not competing for a piece of the existing market share as it was previously with its greenfield entry into Australia.Mainfreight has not adopt a consistent approach to renaming businesses it has taken over. For example Target Logistics was renamed as Mainfreight USA, whilst the Wim Bosman acquisition has retained the companys original branding possibly luck to overcome some of the cultural negativity foreign firms experience in other host countries. As a smaller New Zealand based multinational in the service industry Mainfreight has managed to alleviate many of risks that may apply to other companies, however currency risks and rivalry among competing firms are areas Mainfreight is still susceptible to.Regulatory risks are still very real however probably lesser in geographies such as Australia, the EU and New Zealand than they are the United States and China. 5) Relative to smaller logistics providers in New Zealand what are the main advantages Mainfreight enjoys from its MNE status? Peng (2014) refers to firms having OLI advantages or Ownership, Location and Internalization advantages. Using Pengs framework, relative to non-multinationals operating in the New Zealand logistics industry, Mainfreight has the following advantages.Ownership Mainfreight benefits in that it has control and ownership of a significant part of the supply chain compared to say a New Zealand domestic transport company or a New Zealand warehousing provider. Mainfreight is able to compete with these non-multinationals by offering the convenience of an all in one managed solution to its clients or alternative competing on price with non-multinationals in their market as Mainfreight may be able to cross subsidise certain parts of its business.For example, Mainfreight may sell New Zealand warehousing services at a loss if it guarantees mean s they may win a customers lucrative freighting business. Location Mainfreights advantages over a non multinational from a location post are much harder to determine. As a service industry Mainfreight would find it hard to capitalize on ingrained resources, low cost efficiencies and innovation, however there may be some advantages gained through having a global presence and subjecting Mainfreights brand to a global audience.This means Mainfreight could have a explicit advantage over non multinational logistics providers as potential customers (particularly large global ones) are more likely to know of Mainfreights operations. Internalization Some of the benefits Mainfreight experiences here are similar to the Ownership benefits outlined above. By not having to pay external suppliers margins on different services within a customers supply chain, Mainfreight can potentially offer more competitive services and retain profits inhouse. References Collinson, S. and Rugman, A. (2007).Th e regional part of Asian multinational enterprises. APJM, Ch. 24. Pp. 429-446. C. W. Downer Co. (2007, family 18). Target Logistics, Inc. , Agrees to be acquired by Mainfreight Limited. Retrieved from http//www. cwdowner. com/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=72Itemid=31 Deloitte. (2012, November 29). Top 200 Companies Awards study Future Direction for NZ Enterprise. Retrieved from http//www. deloitte. com/view/en_NZ/nz/news-room/3ee15be7bf94b310VgnVCM2000003356f70aRCRD. htm Fairfax NZ News. (2008, November 26). Mainfreights Plested wins beacon Award.Retrieved from http//www. stuff. co. nz/business/735585 Kennedy, Graeme. (2000, March 17). Mainfreight develops major logistics operation. Retrieved from http//www. sharechat. co. nz/article/69e6e5bb/mainfreight-develops-major-logistics-operation. html Linkedin. (2013, February 28). Mainfreight. Retrieved from http//www. linkedin. com/company/mainfreight? trk=top_nav_home Mainfreight Limited. (1996) Mainfreight Limited Pr ospectus. Retrieved from http//epublishbyus. com/ebook/ebook? id=10005147/4 Mainfreight Limited. (1997, July 2). Annual Report 1997. Retrieved fromMainfreight Case StudyMainfreight Group Mighty Oaks from little acorns grow A case study of a New Zealand Multinationals Foreign Market Entry Strategy Mainfreight Mighty Oaks from little acorns grow. This case study examines the strategies Mainfreight Limited has exploited when entering foreign markets. It examines Mainfreights successes and failures and investigates whether its market entry strategies played a significant part in these experiences. The Mainfreight Group market themselves as a global logistics provider offering managed warehousing and international and domestic freight forwarding (Mainfreight, 2013).As of 2013 Mainfreight Limited is operating in over 14 countries in four continents. Originally a domestic freight provider, the company now specializes in providing a large variety of services common to global logistics pro viders such as domestic haulage of both full and part loads, International Air services, International Sea Container services, Contract Warehousing and Supply Chain Management as well as other service offerings not commonly associated with global logistics providers including Fashion Services, Canadian Transborder Logistics Services and Entertainment Media Logistics(Linkedin, 2013).Mainfreight generally focuses on target areas they identify they can add more value to than simple cartage (Massey University, 2009) Mainfreight attribute their success to their unique culture, stating on their website that they have developed a style of doing business, successful not only in New Zealand, but around the world. Whilst this is a bold statement, Mainfreight has had some great accomplishments. Their success hasnt been an accident and this mighty oak was once a little acorn.Since its inception in 1978, Mainfreight has grown significantly and is often cited as one of New Zealands most successfu l companies (Otago Business School, n. d. ). Founded by Bruce Plested with $7,200 (Mainfreight, 1996) and a 1969 Bedford truck (Fairfax NZ News, 2008) Mainfreights business quickly expanded. Neil Graham joined Plested in 1979 as Joint Managing Director and opened their first Christchurch Branch.Growth continued and Mainfreight soon developed New Zealands most extensive domestic freight network (Mainfreight, 2013) by using coastal shipping to get around draconian laws that required all freight travelling on land a greater distance than 150 kilometres to be moved by rail. (Mainfreight, 1996) Mainfreight Founder Bruce Plested By the time land transport deregulation occurred in 1985, we were hardened and experienced after 8 years competing against the system and the giant transport companies.With the playing field almost levelled we were the fittest players, and our company was evolving a deep culture and a vision of what we could achieve By the time land transport deregulation occurre d in 1985, we were hardened and experienced after 8 years competing against the system and the giant transport companies. With the playing field almost levelled we were the fittest players, and our company was evolving a deep culture and a vision of what we could achieveComplementary to the companys special culture Plested believed that some of the companys success could be assigned to its agility and responsiveness to change, stating in Mainfreights 1996 prospectus Revenue exceeded NZD$10 million for the first time in 1984 and the first Mainfreight International branches, 50% owned by the Mainfreight Limited in conjunction with their managers opened in Christchurch and Auckland also opened. Mainfreight, 1996) 1989 saw the opening of Mainfreights first Australian branch in Sydney with a view to offering services that would allow customers to treat New Zealand and Australia as one market (New Zealand Management Magazine, 2007). Mainfreight International Branches also opened in Melbou rne and Sydney and revenue first exceeded NZD$50 million. The period between 1990 and 1996 was typified by geographic expansion throughout Australia and New Zealand.This growth was primarily via two different channels via organic growth from its existing operations, and through acquisition of competitors or complementary service providers. Service expansion and differentiation formed the backbone of Mainfreights organic growth platform through the early 1990s. Named operations such as Metro Cartage, Wharf Operations and Distribution began to appear alongside the regular Mainfreight and Mainfreight International brands. Revenues continued to grow and the New Zealand domestic and International parts of he business continued to excel. However, the same could not be said for Mainfreights Australian operations which did not break even until 1994 (Kennedy, 2000). By having a strong domestic and international presence in both New Zealand and Australia we have a good chance of demonstrating to a multinational company that when it comes to this corner of the globe, we are the people to use. We do not have the choice of only being able to service New Zealand, the multinational is not interested they see Australia and New Zealand as one By having a strong domestic and international presence in both New Zealand and Australia we have a good chance of demonstrating to a multinational company that when it comes to this corner of the globe, we are the people to use. We do not have the choice of only being able to service New Zealand, the multinational is not interested they see Australia and New Zealand as one Despite these losses Mainfreights commitment to the Australian market was never in doubt.Executive Chairman Bruce Plested described the perception that the rest of the world regard Australia and New Zealand as one market and that multinationals increasingly engage a global freight company to provide all their freighting and warehousing services throughout the world (M ainfreight, 2002). Plesteds argument was that by having a presence in both Australia and New Zealand it would demonstrate to large multinationals that Mainfreight were the logistics provider of choice and specialists in this geography.He did not feel he could achieve this operating in New Zealand alone. In order to rectify the companys poor Australian result the business undertook a series of acquisitions through the early to mid 1990s that included Mogal Freight, MSAS and Premier VIP stores. (Refer to Table 1. 1 for more information on Mainfreights acquisitions during the period between 1980 and 1995). TABLE 1. 1 Plested in an interview with Graeme Kennedy in March 2000 reflected on the Australian operations struggles We have struggled to break into the usiness with those bigger customers since we moved into Australia with an interstate freight operation similar to our New Zealand model The business has been difficult to grow and we havent made the progress in the Australian domest ic market we had hoped Youve got to have the size and network and employ Australians to get the respect of the bigger companies. Without the size and the volumes, the services you can offer are restricted with a smaller network. They want to see size and network to give them confidence in the operation We have struggled to break into the business with those bigger customers since we moved into Australia with an interstate freight operation similar to our New Zealand model The business has been difficult to grow and we havent made the progress in the Australian domestic market we had hoped Youve got to have the size and network and employ Australians to get the respect of the bigger companies. Without the size and the volumes, the services you can offer are restricted with a smaller network. They want to see size and network to give them confidence in the operationIt was the acquisition in 1994 of Premier VIP Stores that finally gave Mainfreight the critical mass of customers require d to finally start making profit from their Australian operation. With profitability worries behind them, operating revenues hitting NZD$100 million per annum and all three divisions of Mainfreight Limiteds business operating profitably, the business listed on the New Zealand stock exchange on the 14th June 1996. 35 million shares, roughly 60% of the companys issued capital, was made available by owners Bruce Plested and Neil Graham to the general public at a price between $0. 5 and $1. 10 per share (Mainfreight, 1996) The listing proved to be an immediate success with Mainfreights share price increasing 72% in its first year as a publically listed company. Acquisitions in New Zealand and Australia continued throughout 1997/1998. Mainfreight purchased 75% of LEP Freightways New Zealand and purchased outright LEP International Australia, Combined Haulage, Senco Haulage and Trade Air Ocean Ltd all significant players in the Australasian logistics industry. Mainfreights international g rowth continued, purchasing minority shareholdings in ISS and Associates in Hong Kong (37. % of Bolwick Ltd) and China (50% of Mainfreight Express Ltd) one month after opening its first Mainfreight International branch outside of Australasia, also in Hong Kong in September of 1998. This signified the start of Mainfreights push to become a global player in the logistics scene which continued with the purchase of CaroTrans from Arkansas Best Corp in 1999. Mainfreight bought 49. 5% of the CaroTrans operation with the remaining shareholding taken up by an investor group that included CaroTrans CEO Greg Howard. Refer to table 1. 2 to see how Mainfreight Group had structured its investment in other subsidiaries as of 2001.TABLE 1. 2 Mainfreight has built a network of businesses which it owns throughout New Zealand and Australia and also operates with joint ownerships, a network throughout the United States, in Hong Kong and Shanghai. Beyond these regions, in Europe we work with Ziegler (o ur partner in CaroTrans) and with agents and alliances in most other countries. Mainfreight has built a network of businesses which it owns throughout New Zealand and Australia and also operates with joint ownerships, a network throughout the United States, in Hong Kong and Shanghai.Beyond these regions, in Europe we work with Ziegler (our partner in CaroTrans) and with agents and alliances in most other countries. In their 2001 Annual Report Mainfreight described the group of businesses they had acquired over the past 21 years. The period between 2002 and 2007 saw Mainfreight focus on its existing geographies. In New Zealand growth occurred through the opening of new Mainfreight domestic transport branches as well as through the 79. 6% acquisition of the Owens Group of companies in 2003.The companys Australian operations were also performing with revenues from Australian Domestic and International segments equalling the New Zealand groups sales performance for the first time. Mainf reight purchased the outstanding 51. 5% of CaroTrans in 2004 and opened additional branches of across the United States and Australia. Mainfreight International opened further Chinese branches in Ningbo, Shenzen and Guangzhou. Table 1. 3 demonstrates Mainfreight Groups financial performance by geographical segment for the year ending 31st March 2007. TABLE 1. 3 Mainfreight USA has now traded some 18 months under our ownership. In that time we have identified a number of shortcomings in the business which we are in the process of addressing. Results are well below our expectations and are poor at best. Mainfreight Group culture and operating disciplines have been introduced to the USA operations, including a stronger branch management focus, the introduction of our owner driver model for pick up and delivery, and a more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost management. more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost management Mainfreight USA has now traded some 18 months under our ownership. In that time we have identified a number of shortcomings in the business which we are in the process of addressing. Results are well below our expectations and are poor at best. Mainfreight Group culture and operating disciplines have been introduced to the USA operations, including a stronger branch management focus, the introduction of our owner driver model for pick up and delivery, and a more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost management. more rigorous approach to both fixed and variable cost managementMainfreights expansion did not stop there. Target Logistics, a public company listed on the American Stock Exchange was acquired in an all-cash transaction valued at approximately USD $53. 7 million (CW Downer & Co, 2007). This represented Mainfreights largest acquisition to date. Chris Coppersmith CEO and President of Target Logistics stayed on with the company and headed up the newly formed Mainfreight USA, however his time in the role was short lived. By the end of 2009, Coppersmith was no longer with the company having been replaced by 14 year Mainfreight Veteran John Hepworth.Mainfreights 2009 annual report shed some light on some of the issues the American operation was facing. During this period Mainfreight purchased the outstanding shares from its Management in Hong Kong and China and disposed of its 75% shareholding in both LEP International New Zealand and Australia for AUD $83 million to minority shareholder Agility Logistics Group (Mainfreight, 2007). However these setbacks did not slow down the Mainfreight Group, the company achieving sales of NZD $1 Billion for the first time in time 2009.Buoyed by consistent sales growth the company continued with its rapid development and advanced into Europe. The Wim Bosman group of companies, one of the largest privately? owned, integrated transport and logistics providers in the Netherlands and Belgium with 14 branches across six European countries, with more than 1,000 transport units, more than 275,000m? of warehouse and cross docking facilities and approximately 1,414 team members (Mainfreight,2011) was purchased outright in 2011 for 110 million Euros. This time however Mainfreight installed Mark Newman, one of Mainfreights first graduates as CEO of the European business.Mark having spent 21 years with Mainfreight, Mark was very familiar with the companys culture and drive to succeed. In the companys 2012 Annual Report Newman reflects on his first year in charge of Wim Bosman / Mainfreight Europe. We have now completed one full year of ownership of the Wim Bosman group of companies. During this period we have been able to integrate Mainfreights financial disciplines and begin the process of aligning our new team members to Mainfreights culture. Unfortunately, financial performance has not met expectations We have now completed one full year of ownership of the Wim Bosman group of companies.During this period we have been able to inte grate Mainfreights financial disciplines and begin the process of aligning our new team members to Mainfreights culture. Unfortunately, financial performance has not met expectations Despite these continued expansion struggles Mainfreight is still being awarded accolades, in 2012 winning the Best Growth Strategy award at the Deloitte / Management Top200 Awards Ceremony. So, what has Mainfreight learnt from these acquisitions and how has their behaviour changed over time? Refer to the tables 1. 4 and 1. for an update on Mainfreight Groups financial performance by geographical segment and the groups structure as of 31 March 2012, before answering the Questions in Section two. TABLE 1. 4 TABLE 1. 5 Questions / Discussion 1) Can Mainfreight truly be classified as a global logistics provider? Using Collinson and Rugmans definition from Pengs 2014 text of a true global multinational enterprise having at least 20% of sales in each of the three regions of the Triad consisting of Asia, Europ e and North America but less than 50% in any one we can see that Mainfreight does not quite fit this criteria. Table 1. shows Mainfreight Groups consolidated sales by geographic segment for 2012. Sales in the USA and Europe represented 24% and 23% respectively of the groups NZD$ 1. 8billion total sales. Asia however contributed only 3%. Strictly following Rugmans definition this would suggest that Mainfreight is not truly a global logistics provider. If we redefine Rugmans definition to state at least 20% of sales in each of three regions but less than 50% in any one the 54% of sales coming from Australasia would suggest that Mainfreight is still to Australasian centric to be considered a true global logistics provider. ) Has Mainfreights mode of entry into foreign markets changed over time? If so how, and why? There have been some consistent themes as well as some changes to Mainfreights market entry strategies since opening their first Mainfreight International Branch in 1984. The consistent themes have seen Mainfreight continuously pursue Equity modes as means of entry. As a service provider Mainfreight has been unable to pursue some non-equity modes of entry, as it is not possible to export their services to foreign markets, although Licensing and Franchising agreements could have been pursued in other markets if Mainfreight so desired.The main changes in Mainfreights approach occurred between 2005 and 2007. This was most obvious when Mainfreight acquired 100% of Target Logistics, increased its shareholding to 100% in both its Hong Kong and Chinese operations and divested its 75% shareholding in LEP New Zealand and Australia. This move to wholly owning their subsidiarys represented a significant change in thinking for Mainfreight, who up until this time entered new markets in Joint Venture, often sharing costs, risks and profits in conjunction with the subsidiarys Senior Management. This previous approach was evident in the 49. % purchase of CaroTrans from Arkansas Best Corp in conjunction with CEO Greg Howard and in the Hong Kong and Chinese operations opened in 1998. Whilst the incorporation of CaroTrans into Mainfreights business was seen as a success, the introduction into the stable of fellow American company Target Logistics was anything but. Target CEO Chris Coppersmith stayed on when the business transferred to Mainfreight ownership, however the Target business could not adapt to the cultural and financial expectations expected of it by Mainfreights Board and Coppersmith was soon replaced by veteran Mainfreight Executive John Hepworth.As of 2012, the American division is still struggling, remaining the least profitable of all geographic segments in terms of its size as indicated in the table below. NZD 000s NZ Aus USA Asia Europe Revenue 455. 7 529 439 56 419 EBITDA 54. 5 33. 7 19 2. 6 28. 1 ROR 12. 0% 6. 4% 4. 3% 4. 6% 6. 7% Despite Mainfreight continually pushing their culture as the number one reason for their succes s, it may be that they have overlooked the importance of adapting to certain countries specific norms and values.It certainly wasnt a new concept as Mainfreight had experienced these struggles in the past, Bruce Plesteds interview with Graeme Kennedy in 2000 touched on the cultural differences of the Australian and New Zealand markets stating Youve got to have the size and network and employ Australians to get the respect of the bigger companies (Kennedy, 2000) The Wim Bosman acquisition which also saw Mainfreight Executive Mark Newman promoted has also struggled financially.Is it a coincidence that Mainfreights joint ventures thrived whilst the wholly owned subsidiaries struggled? The major benefit of joint ventures is the access to partners knowledge, albeit whether it relates to regulative, normative or cognitive institutions. It appears this is something Mainfreight has overlooked in the recent past as it moved toward wholly owning its foreign subsidiaries. 3) Why do you think t hat Mainfreight has entered the markets it has? Mainfreight has applied some logic to the markets it has chosen to enter.Australia is a logical first point of call for many New Zealand firms looking to expand overseas due to the common language, regulatory environments and similar, albeit different, cultural norms. From an international organizations point of view, these similarities are compounded. Mainfreights chairman Bruce Plested stated that multinationals often view both New Zealand and Australia as just one market making Australia a logical first stepping stone in Mainfreights overseas expansion. Up until 2010 Mainfreights expansion had focused on extending the New Zealand part of the companys global reach.Statistics New Zealand (2013) states that New Zealand depends heavily on international trade, especially with especially with Australia, China, the United States, and Japan and unsurprisingly these are the countries (excluding Japan) that Mainfreight has expanded into. The cultural differences between New Zealand and the Chinese and American markets are much more significant than those between the New Zealand and Australian markets or other traditional trading partners such as Britain.However, the sheer weight of imports and exports flowing into and out of these countries has made them obvious candidates for Mainfreight to expand into as it seeks to expand into markets complementary to the existing business. The purchase of Wim Bosman is interesting in that it is not a purchase that would traditionally be seen as complementary to Mainfreights New Zealand business when compared to markets such as Japan with whom New Zealand has significantly more trade.However, the opening of European markets could be seen as complimentary to Mainfreights US and Chinese operations in particular as these operations continue to grow, evolve and mature. 4) What are some of the risks associated with the approaches to foreign direct investment and the markets Mainfreight ha s chosen to enter? Mainfreight experienced Liability of Foreignness when it first entered the Australian market place. As outlined in my response to Question 1, firms, especially large ones would not give Mainfreight a chance unless they were seen to employ Australians.This was an inherent disadvantage of being a foreign company entering a new market in a greenfield capacity. Later Mainfreight expansion addressed some of these risks through the use of Joint Ventures in foreign markets such as China, Hong Kong and in the purchase of CaroTrans in the USA. As Mainfreights market entry strategy changed towards wholly owning their subsidiaries, some of these risks arose again. Mainfreights approach in fully acquiring existing business often helped to minimize these dangers as Mainfreight was not competing for a piece of the existing market share as it was previously with its greenfield entry into Australia.Mainfreight has not adopted a consistent approach to renaming businesses it has ta ken over. For example Target Logistics was renamed as Mainfreight USA, whilst the Wim Bosman acquisition has retained the companys original branding possibly helping to overcome some of the cultural negativity foreign firms experience in other host countries. As a smaller New Zealand based multinational in the service industry Mainfreight has managed to mitigate many of risks that may apply to other companies, however currency risks and rivalry among competing firms are areas Mainfreight is still susceptible to.Regulatory risks are still very real however probably lesser in geographies such as Australia, the EU and New Zealand than they are the United States and China. 5) Relative to smaller logistics providers in New Zealand what are the main advantages Mainfreight enjoys from its MNE status? Peng (2014) refers to firms having OLI advantages or Ownership, Location and Internalization advantages. Using Pengs framework, relative to non-multinationals operating in the New Zealand logi stics industry, Mainfreight has the following advantages.Ownership Mainfreight benefits in that it has control and ownership of a significant part of the supply chain compared to say a New Zealand domestic transport company or a New Zealand warehousing provider. Mainfreight is able to compete with these non-multinationals by offering the convenience of an all in one managed solution to its clients or alternative competing on price with non-multinationals in their market as Mainfreight may be able to cross subsidise certain parts of its business.For example, Mainfreight may sell New Zealand warehousing services at a loss if it guarantees means they may win a customers lucrative freighting business. Location Mainfreights advantages over a non multinational from a location perspective are much harder to determine. As a service industry Mainfreight would find it hard to capitalize on Natural resources, low cost efficiencies and innovation, however there may be some advantages gained thr ough having a global presence and subjecting Mainfreights brand to a global audience.This means Mainfreight could have a distinct advantage over non multinational logistics providers as potential customers (particularly large global ones) are more likely to know of Mainfreights operations. Internalization Some of the benefits Mainfreight experiences here are similar to the Ownership benefits outlined above. By not having to pay external suppliers margins on different services within a customers supply chain, Mainfreight can potentially offer more competitive services and retain profits inhouse. References Collinson, S. and Rugman, A. (2007).The regional character of Asian multinational enterprises. APJM, Ch. 24. Pp. 429-446. C. W. Downer Co. (2007, September 18). Target Logistics, Inc. , Agrees to be acquired by Mainfreight Limited. Retrieved from http//www. cwdowner. com/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=72Itemid=31 Deloitte. (2012, November 29). Top 200 Companies Award s Reflect Future Direction for NZ Enterprise. Retrieved from http//www. deloitte. com/view/en_NZ/nz/news-room/3ee15be7bf94b310VgnVCM2000003356f70aRCRD. htm Fairfax NZ News. (2008, November 26). Mainfreights Plested wins Beacon Award.Retrieved from http//www. stuff. co. nz/business/735585 Kennedy, Graeme. (2000, March 17). Mainfreight develops major logistics operation. Retrieved from http//www. sharechat. co. nz/article/69e6e5bb/mainfreight-develops-major-logistics-operation. html Linkedin. (2013, February 28). Mainfreight. Retrieved from http//www. linkedin. com/company/mainfreight? trk=top_nav_home Mainfreight Limited. (1996) Mainfreight Limited Prospectus. Retrieved from http//epublishbyus. com/ebook/ebook? id=10005147/4 Mainfreight Limited. (1997, July 2). 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